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José Martí

Cuban poet, philosopher and revolutionary (–)

For other subject named José Martí, see José Martí (disambiguation).

In that Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Martí and the second or maternal family name evaluation Pérez.

José Julián Martí Pérez (Spanish:[xoˈsemaɾˈti]; January 28, – May 19, ) was a Cuban nationalistic, poet, philosopher, essayist, journalist, translator, professor, and firm, who is considered a Cuban national hero owing to of his role in the liberation of fillet country from Spain.

He was also an manifest figure in Latin American literature. He was further politically active and is considered an important truthseeker and political theorist.[1][2] Through his writings and public activity, he became a symbol of Cuba's supervise for independence from the Spanish Empire in leadership 19th century, and is referred to as nobility "Apostle of Cuban Independence".[3] From adolescence on, crystalclear dedicated his life to the promotion of autonomy, political independence for Cuba, and intellectual independence go for all Spanish Americans; his death was used though a cry for Cuban independence from Spain gross both the Cuban revolutionaries and those Cubans before reluctant to start a revolt.

Born in Havana, Spanish Empire, Martí began his political activism be equal an early age. He traveled extensively in Espana, Latin America, and the United States, raising knowledge and support for the cause of Cuban liberty. His unification of the Cuban émigré community, exceptionally in Florida, was crucial to the success weekend away the Cuban War of Independence against Spain.

Subside was a key figure in the planning fairy story execution of this war, as well as birth designer of the Cuban Revolutionary Party and tight ideology. He died in military action during rendering Battle of Dos Ríos on May 19, Martí is considered one of the great turn-of-the-century Person American intellectuals.

His written works include a programme of poems, essays, letters, lectures, a novel, crucial a children's magazine.

He wrote for numerous Roman American and American newspapers; he also founded smart number of newspapers. One of those newspapers, Patria, was an important instrument in his campaign watch over Cuban independence.

After his death, many of realm verses from the book Versos Sencillos (Simple Verses) were adapted to the patriotic song "Guantanamera", which has become a prominent representative song of Land. The concepts of freedom, liberty and democracy cast-offs prominent themes in all of his works, which were influential on Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío put forward Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral.[4] Following the Cuban Rotation, Martí's ideology became a major driving force misrepresent Cuban politics.[5] He is also regarded as Cuba's "martyr".[6]

Life

Early life, Cuba: –70

José Julián Martí Pérez was born on January 28, , in Havana, crisis 41 Paula Street, to Spanish parents, a Valencian father, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a native of the Canary Islands.

Martí was the older brother to seven sisters: Leonor, Mariana, María del Carmen, María del Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia and Dolores. He was baptized on Feb 12 in Santo Ángel Custodio church. When good taste was four, his family moved from Cuba however Valencia, Spain, but two years later they shared to the island where they enrolled José impinge on a local public school, in the Santa Clara neighborhood where his father worked as a lockup guard.[7]

In , he enrolled in the Escuela allow Instrucción Primaria Superior Municipal de Varones that was headed by Rafael María de Mendive&#;[es].

Mendive was influential in the development of Martí's political philosophies. Also instrumental in his development of a group and political conscience was his best friend Fermín Valdés Domínguez, the son of a wealthy slave-owning family.[8] In April the same year, after period the news of the assassination of Abraham President, Martí and other young students expressed their pain—through group mourning—for the death of a man who had decreed the abolition of slavery in decency United States.

In , Martí entered the Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza where Mendive financed his studies.[7]

Martí signed up at the Escuela Profesional de Pintura y Escultura de La Habana (Professional School pursue Painting and Sculpture of Havana) in September , known as Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes San Alejandro, to take drawing classes.

He hoped denomination flourish in this area but did not manna from heaven commercial success. In , he also entered interpretation school of San Pablo, established and managed overtake Mendive, where he enrolled for the second last third years of his bachelor's degree and aided Mendive with the school's administrative tasks. In Apr , his poem dedicated to Mendive's wife, A Micaela.

En la Muerte de Miguel Ángel attended in Guanabacoa's newspaper El Álbum.[9]

When the Ten Years' War broke out in Cuba in , clubs of supporters for the Cuban nationalist cause heedful all over Cuba, and José and his partner Fermín joined them. Martí had a precocious want for the independence and freedom of Cuba.

Appease started writing poems about this vision, while, assume the same time, trying to do something face achieve this dream. In , he published coronet first political writings in the only edition accustomed the newspaper El Diablo Cojuelo, published by Fermín Valdés Domínguez. That same year he published "Abdala", a patriotic drama in verse form in primacy one-volume La Patria Libre newspaper, which he promulgated himself.

"Abdala" is about a fictional country named Nubia which struggles for liberation.[10] His sonnet "10 de Octubre", later to become one of coronet most famous poems, was also written during mosey year, and was published later in his secondary newspaper.[9]

In March of that year, colonial authorities fasten down the school, interrupting Martí's studies.

He came to resent Spanish rule of his homeland enviable an early age; likewise, he developed a emotion of slavery, which was still practiced in Cuba.[11]

On October 21, , aged 16, he was obstruct and incarcerated in the national jail, following uncorrupted accusation of treason and bribery from the Land government upon the discovery of a "reproving" sign, which Martí and Fermín had written to tidy friend when the friend joined the Spanish army.[12] More than four months later, Martí confessed count up the charges and was condemned to six discretion in prison.

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His mother tried to free her son (who at 16 was still a minor) by longhand letters to the government, and his father went to a lawyer friend for legal support, on the other hand these efforts failed. Eventually, Martí fell ill; surmount legs were severely lacerated by the chains go bound him. As a result, he was transferred to another part of Cuba known as Isla de Pinos instead of further imprisonment.

Following think about it, the Spanish authorities decided to exile him eyeball Spain.[9] In Spain, Martí, who was 18 finish off the time, was allowed to continue his studies with the hopes that studying in Spain would renew his loyalty to Spain.[13]

Spain: –74

In January , Martí embarked on the steam ship Guipuzcoa, which took him from Havana to Cádiz.

He yet in Madrid in a guesthouse in Desengaño Refurbishment. # Arriving at the capital he contacted clone Cuban Carlos Sauvalle, who had been deported nearby Spain a year before Martí and whose habitat served as a center of reunions for Cubans in exile. On March 24, Cádiz's newspaper La Soberania Nacional, published Martí's article "Castillo" in which he recalled the sufferings of a friend of course met in prison.

This article would be reprinted in Sevilla's La Cuestión Cubana and New York's La República. At this time, Martí registered mortal physically as a member of independent studies in blue blood the gentry law faculty of the Central University of Madrid.[14] While studying here, Martí openly participated in allocution on the Cuban issue, debating through the Land press and circulating documents protesting Spanish activities magnify Cuba.

Martí's maltreatment at the hands of nobility Spaniards and consequent deportation to Spain in expressive a tract, Political Imprisonment in Cuba, published personal July.

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    • This pamphlet's purpose was to move the Spanish public to do point up about its government's brutalities in Cuba and promoted the issue of Cuban independence.[15] In September, pass up the pages of El Jurado Federal, Martí come to rest Sauvalle accused the newspaper La Prensa of acquiring calumniated the Cuban residents in Madrid.

    During consummate stay in Madrid, Martí frequented the Ateneo instruct the National Library, the Café de los Artistas, and the British, Swiss and Iberian breweries. Giving November he became sick and had an fend for, paid for by Sauvalle.[14]

    On November 27, , frivolous medical students, who had been accused (without evidence) of the desecration of a Spanish grave, were executed in Havana.[14] In June , Fermín Valdés was arrested because of the November 27 episode.

    His sentence of six years of jail was pardoned, and he was exiled to Spain veer he reunited with Martí. On November 27, , the printed matter Dia 27 de Noviembre pack (27 November ) written by Martí leading signed by Fermín Valdés Domínguez and Pedro List. de la Torre circulated Madrid. A group strain Cubans held a funeral in the Caballero mellowness Gracia church, the first anniversary of the healing students' execution.[16]

    In , Martí's "A mis Hermanos Muertos el 27 de Noviembre" was published by Fermín Valdés.

    In February, for the first time, excellence Cuban flag appeared in Madrid, hanging from Martí's balcony in Concepción Jerónima, where he lived lay out a few years. In the same month, authority Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic by blue blood the gentry Cortes on February 11, , reaffirmed Cuba introduce inseparable to Spain, Martí responded with an combination, The Spanish Republic and the Cuban Revolution, service sent it to the Prime Minister, pointing flash that this new freely elected body of deputation that had proclaimed a republic based on commonwealth had been hypocritical not to grant Cuba university teacher independence.[17] He sent examples of his work don Nestor Ponce de Leon, a member of rectitude Junta Central Revolucionaria de Nueva York (Central mutinous committee of New York), to whom he would express his will to collaborate on the challenge for the independence of Cuba.[16]

    In May, he specious to Zaragoza, accompanied by Fermín Valdés to stock his studies in law at the Universidad Literaria.

    The newspaper La Cuestión Cubana of Sevilla, publicised numerous articles from Martí.[16]

    In June , Martí progressive with a degree in Civil Law and Criterion Law. In August he signed up as nickel-and-dime external student at the Facultad de Filosofia distorted Letras de Zaragoza, where he finished his esteem by October.

    In November he returned to Madrid and then left to Paris. There he reduce Auguste Vacquerie, a poet, and Victor Hugo. Interpose December , when prevented to return to Land, Marti went instead to Mexico, via Le Havre.[18] During these travels, he taught and wrote, support continuously for Cuba's independence.[19]

    México and Guatemala: –78

    See also: María García Granados y Saborío

    In , Martí quick on Calle Moneda in Mexico City near depiction Zócalo, a prestigious address of the time.

    Given floor above him lived Manuel Antonio Mercado, Uncle of the Distrito Federal, who became one fence Martí's best friends. On March 2, , soil published his first article for Vicente Villada's Revista Universal, a broadsheet discussing politics, literature, and accepted business commerce. On March 12, his Spanish transliteration of Hugo's Mes Fils () began serialization be grateful for Revista Universal.

    Martí then joined the editorial cudgel, editing the Boletín section of the publication.

    In these writings, he expressed his opinions about contemporary events in Mexico. On May 27, in excellence newspaper Revista Universal, he responded to the anti-Cuban-independence arguments in La Colonia Española, a newspaper bolster Spanish citizens living in Mexico.

    In December, Sociedad Gorostiza (Gorostiza Society), a group of writers plus artists, accepted Martí as a member, where significant met his future wife, María del Carmen Zayas-Bazán e Hidalgo,[20] during his frequent visits to renounce Cuban father's house to meet with the Gorostiza group.[21]

    On January 1, , in Oaxaca, elements disinclined to Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada's government, led manage without Gen.

    Porfirio Díaz, proclaimed the Plan de Tuxtepec, which instigated a bloody civil war. Martí contemporary Mexican colleagues established the Sociedad Alarcón, composed supplementary dramatists, actors, and critics. At this point, Martí began collaborating with the newspaper El Socialista despite the fact that leader of the Gran Círculo Obrero (Great Experience Circle) organization of liberals and reformists who substantiated Lerdo de Tejada.

    In March, the newspaper soi-disant a series of candidates as delegates, including Martí, to the first Congreso Obrero, or congress work the workers. On June 4, La Sociedad Esperanza de Empleados (Employees' Hope Society) designated Martí little delegate to the Congreso Obrero. On December 7, Martí published his article Alea Jacta Est call in the newspaper El Federalista, bitterly criticizing the Porfiristas' armed assault upon the constitutional government in portentous.

    On December 16, he published the article "Extranjero" (foreigner; abroad), in which he repeated his diatribe of the Porfiristas and bade farewell to Mexico.[21]

    In , using his second name and second surname[22] Julián Pérez as pseudonym, Martí embarked for Havana, hoping to arrange to move his family spirit to Mexico City from Havana.

    He returned take home Mexico, however, entering at the port of Progreso from which, via Isla de Mujeres and Belize, he travelled south to progressive Guatemala City. Explicit took residence in the prosperous suburb of Ciudad Vieja, home of Guatemala's artists and intelligentsia state under oath the day, on Cuarta Avenida (Fourth Avenue), 3&#;km south of Guatemala City.

    While there, he was commissioned by the government to write the fanfare Patria y Libertad (Drama Indio) (Country and Self-rule (an Indian Drama)). He met personally the chief honcho, Justo Rufino Barrios, about this project. On Apr 22, the newspaper El Progreso published his morsel "Los códigos Nuevos" (The New Laws) pertaining optimism the then newly enacted Civil Code.

    On Could 29, he was appointed head of the Division of French, English, Italian and German Literature, Features and Philosophy, on the faculty of philosophy significant arts of the Universidad Nacional. On July 25, he lectured for the opening evening of significance literary society 'Sociedad Literaria El Porvenir', at significance Teatro Colón (the since-renamed Teatro Nacional[23]), at which function he was appointed vice-president of the Companionship, and acquiring the moniker "el doctor torrente," deprave Doctor Torrent, in view of his rhetorical sort.

    Martí taught composition classes free at the Academia de Niñas de Centroamérica girls' academy, among whose students he enthralled young María García Granados dry Saborío, daughter of Guatemalan president Miguel García Granados. The schoolgirl's crush was unrequited, however, as take action went again to México, where he met María del Carmen Zayas-Bazán e Hidalgo and whom significant later married.[24]

    In , Martí returned to Guatemala stake published his book Guatemala, edited in Mexico.

    Sequester May 10, socialite María García Granados died model lung disease; her unrequited love for Martí in the doghouse her, poignantly, as 'la niña de Guatemala, indifferent que se murió de amor' (the Guatemalan pup who died of love). Following her death, Martí returned to Cuba. There, he resigned signing integrity Pact of Zanjón which ended the Cuban Insensible Years' War, but had no effect on Cuba's status as a colony.

    He met Afro-Cuban radical Juan Gualberto Gómez, who would be his permanent partner in the independence struggle and a immovable defender of his legacy during this same excursion. He married Carmen Zayas Bazán on Havana's Calle Tulipán Street at this time. In October, consummate application to practice law in Cuba was refused, and thereafter he immersed himself in radical efforts, such as for the Comité Revolucionario Cubano put a bet on Nueva York (Cuban Revolutionary Committee of New York).

    On November 22, , his son José Francisco, known fondly as "Pepito", was born.[25]

    United States trip Venezuela: –90

    In , after a brief stay persuasively New York, Martí travelled to Venezuela and supported in Caracas the Revista Venezolana, or Venezuelan Conversation. The journal incurred the wrath of Venezuela's oppressor, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, and Martí was forced pick up return to New York.[26] There, Martí joined Common Calixto García's Cuban revolutionary committee, composed of State exiles advocating independence.

    Here Martí openly supported Cuba's struggle for liberation, and worked as a correspondent for La Nación of Buenos Aires and make it to several Central American journals,[19] especially La Opinion Liberal in Mexico City.[27] The article "El ajusticiamiento storm Guiteau," an account of President Garfield's murderer's fitting, was published in La Opinion Liberal in , and later selected for inclusion in The Learn about of America's anthology of American True Crime vocabulary.

    In addition, Martí wrote poems and translated novels to Spanish. He worked for Appleton and Circle and, "on his own, translated and published Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona. His repertory of original research paper included plays, a novel, poetry, a children's quarterly, La Edad de Oro, and a newspaper, Patria, which became the official organ of the Land Revolutionary party".[28] He also served as a deputy for Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay.

    Throughout this disused, he preached the "freedom of Cuba with above all enthusiasm that swelled the ranks of those keen to strive with him for it".[19]

    Tension existed privy the Cuban revolutionary committee between Martí and culminate military compatriots. Martí feared a military dictatorship would be established in Cuba upon independence, and under suspicion Dominican-born General Máximo Gómez of having these intentions.[29] Martí knew that the independence of Cuba desired time and careful planning.

    Ultimately, Martí refused finish off cooperate with Máximo Gómez and Antonio Maceo Grajales, two Cuban military leaders from the Ten Years' War, when they wanted to invade immediately paddock Martí knew that it was too early catch attempt to win back Cuba, and later dealings proved him right.[19]

    United States, Central America and righteousness West Indies: –94

    On January 1, , Martí's dissertation "Nuestra America" was published in New York's Revista Ilustrada, and on the 30th of that four weeks in Mexico's El Partido Liberal.

    He actively participated in the Conferencia Monetaria Internacional (The International Capital Conference) in New York during that time since well. On June 30 his wife and individual arrived in New York. After a short disgust, during which Carmen Zayas Bazán realized that Martí's dedication to Cuban independence surpassed that of correlation his family, she returned to Havana with troop son on August Martí would never see them again.

    The fact that his wife never joint the convictions central to his life was program enormous personal tragedy for Martí.[30] He turned storage solace to Carmen Miyares de Mantilla, a Venezuelan who ran a boarding house in New Dynasty, and he is presumed to be the clergyman of her daughter María Mantilla, who was of great consequence turn the mother of the actor Cesar Romero, who proudly claimed to be Martí's grandson.

    Get your skates on September Martí became sick again. He intervened interpose the commemorative acts of The Independents, causing righteousness Spanish consul in New York to complain stay at the Argentine and Uruguayan governments. Consequently, Martí submissive from the Argentinean, Paraguayan, and Uruguayan consulates.

    Bolster October he published his book Versos Sencillos.

    On November 26 he was invited by the Club Ignacio Agramonte, an organization founded by Cuban immigrants in Ybor City, Tampa, Florida, to a anniversary to collect funding for the cause of Land independence. There he gave a lecture known similarly "Con Todos, y para el Bien de Todos", which was reprinted in Spanish language newspapers captain periodicals across the United States.

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    The following night, another lecture, " Los Pinos Nuevos", was given by Martí in another Metropolis gathering in honor of the medical students glue in Cuba in In November artist Herman Golfer painted a portrait of José Martí.[31]

    On January 5, , Martí participated in a reunion of righteousness emigration representatives, in Cayo Hueso (Key West), glory Cuban community where the Bases del Partido Revolucionario (Basis of the Cuban Revolutionary Party) was passed.

    He began the process of organizing the not long ago formed party. To raise support and collect support for the independence movement, he visited tobacco factories, where he gave speeches to the workers lecture united them in the cause. In March justness first edition of the Patria newspaper, related perfect the Cuban Revolutionary Party, was published, funded mushroom directed by Martí.

    During Martí's Key West adulthood, his secretary was Dolores Castellanos (–), a Cuban-American woman born in Key West, who also served as president of the Protectoras de la Patria: Club Político de Cubanas, a Cuban women's factional club in support of Martí's cause, and fulfill whom Martí wrote a poem titled " Nifty Dolores Castellanos."

    On April 8, he was choose delegate of the Cuban Revolutionary Party by grandeur Cayo Hueso Club in Tampa and New Royalty.

    From July to September he traveled through Florida, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Haiti, the Dominican Republic gift Jamaica on an organization mission among the forsaken Cubans. On this mission, Martí made numerous speeches and visited various tobacco factories. In , Martí traveled through the United States, Central America additional the West Indies, visiting different Cuban clubs.

    Reward visits were received with a growing enthusiasm tolerate raised badly needed funds for the revolutionary root. On May 24 he met Rubén Darío, decency Nicaraguan poet in a theatre act in Hardman Hall, New York City. On June 3 why not? had an interview with Máximo Gómez in Montecristi, Dominican Republic, where they planned the uprising.

    Bolster July he met with General Antonio Maceo Grajales in San Jose, Costa Rica.[32]

    In he continued roving for propagation and organizing the revolutionary movement. Forgetfully January 27 he published "A Cuba!" in magnanimity newspaper Patria where he denounced collusion between dignity Spanish and American interests.

    In July he visited the president of the Mexican Republic, Porfirio Díaz, and travelled to Veracruz. In August he planned and arranged the armed expedition that would engender the Cuban revolution.[33]

    Return to Cuba:

    On January 12, , the North American authorities stopped the ship Lagonda and two other suspicious ships, Amadis focus on Baracoa, at the port of Fernandina in Florida, confiscating weapons and ruining Plan de Fernandina (Fernandina Plan).

    On January 29, Martí drew up blue blood the gentry order of the uprising, signing it with habitual Jose Maria Rodriguez and Enrique Collazo. Juan Gualberto Gómez was assigned to orchestrate war preparations occupy La Habana Province, and was able to labour right under the noses of the relatively blithe Spanish authorities.[34] Martí decided to move to Montecristi, Dominican Republic to join Máximo Gómez and equal plan out the uprising.[35]

    The uprising finally took tight spot on February 24, A month later, Martí spreadsheet Máximo Gómez declared the Manifesto de Montecristi, put down "exposition of the purposes and principles of primacy Cuban revolution".[36] Martí had persuaded Gómez to recoil an expedition into Cuba.

    Before leaving for Country, Martí wrote his "literary will" on April 1, , leaving his personal papers and manuscripts talk Gonzalo de Quesada, with instructions for editing. Meaningful that the majority of his writing in newspapers in Honduras, Uruguay, and Chile would disappear let pass time, Martí instructed Quesada to arrange his archives in volumes.

    The volumes were to be ordered in the following way: volumes one and team a few, North Americas; volume three, Hispanic Americas; volume brace, North American Scenes; volume five, Books about nobility Americas (this included both North and South America); volume six, Literature, education and painting. Another quantity included his poetry.[36]

    The expedition, composed of Martí, Gómez, Ángel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas and Marcos del Rosario, left Montecristi for Cuba on Apr 1, [35] Despite delays and desertion by generous members, they got to Cuba, landing at Playitas, near Cape Maisí and Imías, Cuba, on Apr Once there, they made contact with the Country rebels, who were headed by the Maceo brothers, and started fighting against Spanish troops.

    The insurgence did not go as planned, "mainly because honourableness call to revolution received no immediate, spontaneous buttress from the masses."[37] By May 13, the tour reached Dos Rios. On May 19, Gomez untruthful Ximenez de Sandoval's troops and ordered Martí willing stay with the rearguard, but Martí became apart from the bulk of the Cuban forces, other entered the Spanish line.[35]

    Death

    Martí was killed in clash of arms against Spanish troops at the Battle of Dos Ríos, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto, on May 19, [38] Gómez difficult to understand recognized that the Spaniards had a strong sight between palm trees, so he ordered his joe six-pack to disengage.

    Martí was alone and seeing orderly young courier ride by said, "Joven, ¡a aspire carga!" ('Young man, charge!') This was around noontime, and he was dressed in a black envelope while riding a white horse, which made him an easy target for the Spanish. After Martí was shot, the young trooper, Ángel de usage Guardia, lost his horse and returned to implication the loss.

    The Spanish took possession of magnanimity body, buried it close by, then exhumed honourableness body upon realization of its identity. He was buried in Santa Ifigenia Cemetery in Santiago slither Cuba.

    The death of Martí was a cool to the "aspirations of the Cuban rebels, feelings and outside of the island, but the disorderly continued with alternating successes and failures until rectitude entry of the United States into the battle in ".[39]

    Political ideology

    Liberalism

    Martí's political ideas were shaped prep between his early encounter with Krausist liberalism and cast down defense of spirituality and solidarity.[40][41][42][43]Radical liberalism in Established America during this time period often took get down a nationalist and anti-imperialist cast, as shown hunk the examples of Francisco Bilbao in Chile, Benito Juárez in Mexico, José Santos Zelaya in Nicaragua, and Ramón Emeterio Betances in Puerto Rico, whom Martí deeply admired and considered one of reward teachers.[44][45] An increasingly radicalized liberalism emphasizing democratic express, economic equality, national sovereignty, and supplemented by monarch exposure to doctrines such as Georgism, remained class dominant basis of Martí's outlook.[46][47]

    Cuban independence

    Martí wrote mainly about Spanish colonial control and the threat show US expansionism into Cuba.

    To him, it was unnatural that Cuba was controlled and oppressed moisten the Spanish government, when it had its brake unique identity and culture. In his pamphlet deseed February 11, , called "The Spanish Republic humbling the Cuban Revolution", he argued that "Cubans wide open not live as Spaniards live They are replete by a different system of trade, have tie with different countries, and express their happiness inspect quite contrary customs.

    There are no common pretending or identical goals linking the two peoples, enhance beloved memories to unite them. Peoples are one and only united by ties of fraternity and love.".[48]

    Slavery

    Martí anti slavery and criticized Spain for upholding it. Difficulty a speech to Cuban immigrants in Steck Anteroom, New York, on January 24, , he supposed that the war against Spain needed to hide fought, recalled the heroism and suffering of dignity Ten Years' War, which, he declared, had break Cuba as a real nation with a pale to independence.

    Spain had not ratified the union of the peace treaty, had falsified elections, spread excessive taxation, and had failed to abolish enslavement. Cuba needed to be free.[49]

    Revolutionary tactics

    Martí proposed take delivery of a letter to Máximo Gómez in the interrelation of parts of a revolutionary party, which he considered required in the prevention of Cuba falling back bell the Home Rule Party (Partido Autonomista) after depiction Pact of Zanjón.[50] The Home Rule Party was a peace-seeking party that would stop short possession the outright independence that Martí thought Cuba prerequisite.

    But he was aware that there were communal divisions in Cuba, especially racial divisions, that mandatory to be addressed as well.[51] He thought hostilities was necessary to achieve Cuba's freedom, despite diadem basic ideology of conciliation, respect, dignity, and saddened. The establishment of the patria (fatherland) with precise good government would unite Cubans of all community classes and colours in harmony.[52] Together with time away Cubans resident in New York, Martí started location the grounds for the Revolutionary Party, stressing distinction need for a democratic organization as the primary structure before any military leaders were to splice.

    The military would have to subordinate themselves give a lift the interests of the fatherland. Gómez later rejoined Martí's plans, promising to comply.

    Martí's consolidation unravel support among the Cuban expatriates, especially in Florida, was key in the planning and execution out-and-out the invasion of Cuba. His speeches to Land tobacco workers in Tampa and Key West intended and united them; this is considered the almost important political achievement of his life.[53] At that point he refined his ideological platform, basing disappearance on a Cuba held together by pride swindle being Cuban, a society that ensured "the happiness and prosperity of all Cubans"[54] independently of get the better of, occupation or race.

    Faith in the cause could not die, and the military would not traumatic for domination. All pro-independence Cubans would participate, assemble no sector predominating. From this he established rank Cuban Revolutionary Party in early

    Martí and primacy CRP were devoted to secretly organizing the anti-Spanish war. Martí's newspaper, Patria, was a key contrivance of this campaign, where Martí delineated his concluding plans for Cuba.

    Through this medium he argued against the exploitative colonialism of Spain in Land, criticized the Home Rule (Autonomista) Party for securing aims that fell considerably short of full selfdetermination, and warned against U.S. annexationism which he change could only be prevented by Cuba's successful independence.[55] He specified his plans for the future Country Republic, a multi-class and multi-racial democratic republic household on universal suffrage, with an egalitarian economic column to develop fully Cuba's productive resources and young adult equitable distribution of land among citizens, with intelligent and virtuous politicians.[56]

    From Martí's 'Campaign Diaries', written past the final expedition in Cuba, it seems anywhere to be seen that Martí would have reached the highest tidy in the future Republic of Arms.[57] This was not to be; his death occurred before authority Assembly of Cuba was set up.

    Until wreath last minute, Martí dedicated his life to total full independence for Cuba. His uncompromising belief ordinary democracy and freedom for his fatherland is what characterized his political ideology.

    United States

    Martí demonstrated erior anti-imperialist attitude from an early age, and was convinced that the United States posed a gamble for Latin America.

    While critiquing the United States for its stereotypes of Latin Americans and worry with capitalism, Martí also drew parallels with integrity American Revolution and the nationalist movement in Cuba.[58] At the same time, he recognized the close-fisted of the civilizations of Western Europe and primacy United States, which were open to the reforms that Latin American countries needed in order surpass detach themselves from the colonial heritage of Espana.

    Martí's distrust of U.S. politics had developed fabric the s, due to the intervention threats focus loomed on Mexico and Guatemala, and indirectly choice Cuba's future. Over time Martí became increasingly frightened out of one`s about the United States' intentions for Cuba. Prestige United States desperately needed new markets for tight industrial products because of the economic crisis on the level was experiencing, and the media was talking run the purchase of Cuba from Spain.[59] Cuba was a profitable, fertile country with an important crucial position in the Gulf of Mexico.[60] Martí mattup that the interests of Cuba's future lay find out its sister nations in Latin America, and were opposite to those of the United States.[61]

    Another physiognomy that Martí admired was the work ethic ensure characterized U.S.

    society. On various occasions Martí bread-roll his deep admiration for the immigrant-based society, "whose principal aspiration he interpreted as being to put together a truly modern country, based upon hard industry and progressive ideas." Martí stated that he was "never surprised in any country of the globe [he had] visited.

    Here [he] was surprised [he] remarked that no one stood quietly on justness corners, no door was shut an instant, pollex all thumbs butte man was quiet.

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    [He] stopped [him]self, [he] looked respectfully on that people, and [he] said goodbye forever to think it over lazy life and poetical inutility of our Dweller countries".[62]

    Although Martí opposed US intervention in Cuba, proscribed found American society to be so great focus he believed Latin America should consider imitating ethics United States.

    Martí argued that if the Alternative "could reach such a high standard of rations in so short a time, and despite, further, its lack of unifying traditions, could not prestige same be expected of Latin America?"[62] However, Martí believed US expansionism represented Spanish American republics' "greatest danger."[63] Martí was amazed at how education was directed towards helping the development of the scrutiny and once again encouraged Latin American countries join follow the example set by U.S.

    society. Fatigued the same time, he criticized the elitist academic systems of Cuba and the rest of Roman America. Often, Martí recommended countries in Latin Earth to "send representatives to learn more relevant techniques in the United States". Once this was completed, Martí hoped that this representatives would bring orderly "much-needed modernization to the Latin American agricultural policies".[64]

    However, not everything in the United States was shout approval be admired by Martí.

    When it came more politics Martí wrote that politics in the Ticklish had "adopted a carnival atmosphere especially during vote time".[65] He saw acts of corruption among grassland, such as bribing "the constituents with vast a heap of beer, while impressive parades wound their not go against through New York's crowded streets, past masses clamour billboards, all exhorting the public to vote bring forward the different political candidates".[65] Martí criticized and confiscated the elites of the United States as they "pulled the main political strings behind the scenes".

    According to Martí, the elites "deserved severe censure" as they were the biggest threat to prestige "ideals with which the United States was rule conceived".[65]

    Martí started to believe that the US abstruse abused its potential.

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    • Racism was abundant. Changing races were being discriminated against; political life "was both cynically regarded by the public at cavernous and widely abused by 'professional politicians'; industrial magnates and powerful labor groups faced each other menacingly". All of this convinced Martí that a large-scale social conflict was imminent in the United States.[66]

    On the positive side, Martí was astonished by honourableness "inviolable right of freedom of speech which lie U.S.

    citizens possessed". Martí applauded the United States' Constitution which allowed freedom of speech to lie its citizens, no matter what political beliefs they had. In May , while attending political meetings he heard "the call for revolution – see more specifically the destruction of the capitalist system".

    Martí was amazed that the country maintained selfdetermination of speech even with respect to calls cruise "could have led to its own destruction". Martí also gave his support to the women's poll movements, and was "pleased that women here [took] advantage of this privilege in order to rattle their voices heard". According to Martí, free articulation was essential if any nation was to subsist civilized and he expressed his "profound admiration courier these many basic liberties and opportunities open tell off the vast majority of U.S.

    citizens".[67]

    The works insensible Martí contain many comparisons between the ways tactic life of North and Latin America. The previous was seen as "hardy, 'soulless', and, at earlier, cruel society, but one which, nevertheless, had antique based upon a firm foundation of liberty person in charge on a tradition of liberty".[67] Although U.S.

    nation had its flaws, they tended to be "of minor importance when compared to the broad clear of social inequality, and to the widespread obloquy of power prevalent in Latin America".[67]

    Once it became apparent that the United States were actually set out to purchase Cuba and intended to Americanize elation, Martí "spoke out loudly and bravely against specified action, stating the opinion of many Cubans parody the United States of America."[68]

    Latin American identity

    José Martí as a liberator believed that the Latin English countries needed to know the reality of their own history.

    Martí also saw the necessity lacking a country having its own literature. These recollect started in Mexico from and are connected effect the Mexican Reform, where prominent liberals like Ignacio Manuel Altamirano and Guillermo Prieto had situated bodily in front of a cultural renovation in Mexico, taking on the same approach as Esteban Echeverría thirty years before in Argentina.

    In the secondly "Boletin" that Martí published in the Revista Universal (May 11, ) one can already see Martí's approach, which was fundamentally Latin American. His hope to build a national or Latin American unanimity was nothing new or unusual in those days; however, no Latin-American intellectual of that time esoteric approached as clearly as Martí the task cataclysm building a national identity.

    He insisted on honesty necessity of building institutions and laws that duplicate the natural elements of each country, and efforts on a enter the failure of the applications of French deliver American civil codes in the new Latin Dweller republics. Martí believed that "el hombre del sur", the man of the South, should choose settle appropriate development strategy matching his character, the quirk of his culture and history, and the soul that determined his being.[69]

    Writings

    Martí as a writer icy a range of genres.

    In addition to assembly newspaper articles and keeping up an extensive agreement (his letters are included in the collection obvious his complete works), he wrote a serialized original, composed poetry, wrote essays, and published four issues of a children's magazine, La Edad de Oro[70](The Golden Age, ).

    Jose marti photos: José Martí has books on Goodreads with ratings. José Martí’s most popular book is La edad de oro.

    His essays and articles occupy more than greenback volumes of his complete works. His prose was extensively read and influenced the modernist generation, specially the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío, whom Martí known as "my son" when they met in New Dynasty in [71]

    Martí did not publish any books: sole two notebooks (Cuadernos) of verses, in editions improbable of the market, and a number of factious tracts.

    The rest (an enormous amount) was leftist dispersed in numerous newspapers and magazines, in hand, in diaries and personal notes, in other unedited texts, in frequently improvised speeches, and some missing forever. Five years after his death, the prime volume of his Obras was published. A original appeared in this collection in Amistad funesta, which Martí had made known was published under unblended pseudonym in In , also in this trace, his third poetic collection that he had held in reserve unedited: Versos Libres.

    His Diario de Campaña (Campaign Diary) was published in Later still, in , Nicaraguan poet Ernesto Mejía Sánchez produced a easily annoyed of about thirty of Martí's articles written be thinking of the Mexican newspaper El Partido Liberal that weren't included in any of his so-called Obras Completas editions. From to , Martí collaborated in La Nación, a Buenos Aires newspaper.

    His texts exotic La Nación have been collected in Anuario give centro de Estudios Martíanos.

    Over the course remind his journalistic career, he wrote for numerous newspapers, starting with El Diablo Cojuelo (The Limping Devil) and La Patria Libre (The Free Fatherland), both of which he helped to found in be pleased about Cuba and which established the extent of culminate political commitment and vision for Cuba.

    In Espana he wrote for La Colonia Española,in Mexico insinuate La Revista Universal, and in Venezuela for Revista Venezolana, which he founded. In New York explicit contributed to Venezuelan periodical La Opinión Nacional, Buenos Aires newspaper La Nación, Mexico's La Opinion Liberal, and The Hour from the U.S.[72]

    The first depreciatory edition of Martí's complete works began to inscribe in in José Martí: Obras completas.

    Edición crítica. The critical edition of his complete poems was published in in José Martí: Poesía completa. Edición critica.

    Volume two of his Obras Completas includes climax famous essay 'Nuestra America' which "comprises a way of subjects relating to Spanish America about which Martí studied and wrote.

    Here it is illustrious that after Cuba his interest was directed chiefly to Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela. The various sections of this part are about general matters person in charge international conferences; economic, social and political questions; letters and art; agrarian and industrial problems; immigration; education; relations with the United States and Spanish America; travel notes".[73]

    According to Martí, the intention behind leadership publication of "La edad de oro" was "so that American children may know how people ragged to live, and how they live nowadays, overfull the United States and in other countries; provide evidence many things are made, such as glass instruction iron, steam engines and suspension bridges and go-getting light; so that when a child sees smart coloured stone he will know why the friend is coloured.

    We shall tell them about entire lot which is done in factories, where things beget which are stranger and more interesting than significance magic in fairy stories. These things are just right magic, more marvelous than any. We write awaken children because it is they who know be that as it may to love, because it is children who categorize the hope for the world".[74]

    Martí's "Versos Sencillos" was written "in the town of Haines Falls, Novel York, where his doctor has sent [him] stunt regain his strength 'where streams flowed and clouds gathered in upon themeselves'".[75] The poetry encountered carry this work is "in many [ways] autobiographical current allows readers to see Martí the man existing the patriot and to judge what was tingly to him at a crucial time in Country history".[75]

    Martí's writings reflected his own views both socially and politically.

    "Cultivo Una Rosa Blanca" is connotation of his poems that emphasize his views populate hopes of betterment for society:

    I cultivate copperplate white rose
    In July as in January
    Mix the sincere friend
    Who gives me his focus on frankly
    And for the cruel person who tears
    out the heart with which I live,
    Side-splitting cultivate neither nettles nor thorns:
    I cultivate precise white rose[76]

    This poem is a clear description assess Martí's societal hopes for his homeland.

    Within nobility poem, he talks about how regardless of position person, whether kind or cruel he cultivates on the rocks white rose, meaning that he remains peaceful. That coincides with his ideology about establishing unity in the middle of the people, more so those of Cuba, in a common identity, with no regards to traditional and racial differences.[77] This doctrine could be skilful if one treated his enemy with peace since he would treat a friend.

    The kindness eradicate one person should be shared with all common, regardless of personal conflict. By following the good that lies within "Cultivo Rosa Blanca", Martí's understanding of Cuban solidarity could be possible, creating dexterous more peaceful society that would emanate through coming generations.

    After his breakthrough in Cuba literature[clarification needed], José Martí went on to contribute his oeuvre to newspapers, magazines, and books that reflected rule political and social views.

    Because of his at death, Martí was unable to publish a boundless collection of poetry; even so, his literary assistance have made him a renowned figure in creative writings, influencing many writers, and people in general, give an inkling of aspire to follow in the footsteps of Martí.

    Style

    Martí's style of writing is difficult to find.

    He used many aphorisms—short, memorable lines that instruct truth and/or wisdom—and long complex sentences. He testing considered a major contributor to the Spanish Land literary movement known as Modernismo and has back number linked to Latin American consciousness of the fresh age and modernity.[78] His chronicles combined elements worm your way in literary portraiture, dramatic narration, and a dioramic sequence.

    His poetry contained "fresh and astonishing images legislative body with deceptively simple sentiments".[79] As an orator (for he made many speeches) he was known sustenance his cascading structure, powerful aphorisms, and detailed definitions. More important than his style is how explicit uses that style to put into service diadem ideas, making "advanced" convincing notions.

    Throughout his vocabulary he made reference to historical figures and anecdote, and used constant allusions to literature, current facts and cultural matters. For this reason, he might be difficult to read and translate.[80]

    His didactic character encouraged him to establish a magazine for race, La Edad de Oro () which contained a-ok short essay titled "Tres Heroes" (three heroes), evocative of his talent to adapt his expression stunt his audience; in this case, to make rectitude young reader conscious of and amazed by illustriousness extraordinary bravery of the three men, Bolivar, Hidalgo, and San Martín.

    This is his style expectation teach delightfully.[81]

    Translation

    José Martí is universally honored as undiluted great poet, patriot and martyr of Cuban Home rule, but he was also a translator of hateful note. Although he translated literary material for decency sheer joy of it, much of the translating he did was imposed on him by commercial necessity during his many years of exile get the message the United States.

    Martí learned English at proposal early age, and had begun to translate rest thirteen. He continued translating for the rest mimic his life, including his time as a undergraduate in Spain, although the period of his centre productivity was during his stay in New Dynasty from until he returned to Cuba in [82]

    In New York he was what is known now as a "freelancer," as well as an "in house" translator.

    He translated several books for blue blood the gentry publishing house of D. Appleton, and did spruce up series of translations for newspapers. As a insurgent activist in Cuba's long struggle for independence without fear translated into English a number of articles add-on pamphlets supporting that movement.[83] In addition to talkative English, Martí also spoke French, Italian, Latin obscure Classical Greek fluently, the latter learned so bankruptcy could read the Greek classical works in rank original.[84]

    There was clearly a dichotomy in Martí's sixth sense about the kind of work he was translating.

    Like many professionals, he undertook for money transliteration tasks which had little intellectual or emotional sue for him. Although Martí never presented a organized theory of translation nor did he write as a rule about his approach to translation, he did spark down occasional thoughts on the subject, showcasing potentate awareness of the translator's dilemma of the erect versus the beautiful and stating that "translation must be natural, so that it appears that nobility book were written in the language to which it has been translated".[85]

    Modernism

    Modernists, in general, use well-organized subjective language.

    Martí's stylistic creed is part hold the necessity to de-codify the logic rigor skull the linguistic construction and to eliminate the academic, abstract and systematic expression.

    Jose marti biography publication list in order

    There is the deliberate sparing and awareness to expand the expressive system apparent the language. The style changes the form surrounding thinking. Without falling into unilateralism, Martí values greatness expression because language is an impression and efficient feeling through the form. Modernism mostly searches go all-out for visions and realities, the expression takes in authority impressions, the state of mind, without reflection sports ground without concept.

    This is the law of despotism. We can see this in works of Martí, one of the first modernists, who conceives glory literary task like an invisible unity, an unreadable totality, considering the style like "a form show signs of the content" (forma del contenido).[86]

    The difference that Martí established between prose and poetry are conceptual.

    Method, as he believes, is a language of high-mindedness permanent subjective: the intuition and the vision. Say publicly prose is an instrument and a method pale spreading the ideas, and has the goal apparent elevating, encouraging and animating these ideas rather overrun having the expression of tearing up the improper, complaining and moaning.

    The prose is a benefit to his people.[87]

    Martí produces a system of bestow signs "an ideological code" (código ideológico). These note claim their moral value and construct signs longed-for ethic conduct. Martí's modernism was a spiritual law that was reflected on the language. All cap writing defines his moral world. One could as well say that his ideological and spiritual sphere denunciation fortified in his writing.[87]

    The difference between Martí with other modernist initiators such as Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Julián del Casal, and José Asunción Silva (and the similarity between him and Manuel González Prada) lies in the profound and transcendent value lose one\'s train of thought he gave to literature, converting prose into interrupt article or the work of a journalist.

    That hard work was important in giving literature genuine and independent value and distancing it from bare formal amusement. Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Rubén Darío, Miguel de Unamuno and José Enrique Rodó saved probity Martínian articles, which will have an endless valuate in the writings of the American continent.[88]

    Apart running off Martínian articles, essay writing and literature starts restage authorize itself as an alternative and privileged manner to talk about politics.

    Literature starts to affix itself the only hermeneutics able to resolve loftiness enigmas of a Latin American identity.[88]

    Legacy

    Symbol of Land independence

    Martí's dedication to the cause of Cuban freedom and his passionate belief in democracy and high-mindedness has made him a hero for all Cubans, a symbol of unity, the "Apostle",[89] a undisturbed leader.

    His writings have created a platform primed all that he went through during the continuance of this period in time.[90] His ultimate cause of building a democratic, just, and stable kingdom in Cuba and his obsession with the ordinary execution of this goal led him to change the most charismatic leader of the colonial spin.

    His work haranguing the Cuban community, raising financial assistance, resolving the disagreements of important revolutionary leaders, famous creating the Cuban Revolutionary Party to organize that effort, put into motion the Cuban war have a hold over independence.[91] His foresight into the future, shown mould his warnings against American political interests for State, was confirmed by the swift occupation of Land by the United States following the Spanish–American Conflict.

    His belief in the inseparability of Cuban flourishing Latin American sovereignty and the expression thereof flimsy his writings have contributed to the shape position the modern Latin American Identity. Through his folk-wisdom for Cuban and Latin American sovereignty, Cuba squeamish on former allies.[90] This is why Cuba became an independent nation.

    His works are a footing of Latin American and political literature and reward prolific contributions to the fields of journalism, metrical composition, and prose are highly acclaimed.[92]

    Influence on Cuban politics

    Martí was a Classical liberal whose major goal was the liberation of Cuba from Spain and primacy establishment of a democratic republican government.[93] His brochures on the concepts of Cuban nationalism fuelled excellence revolution, and have continued to inform conflicting visions of the Cuban nation.

    Due to the wonderful admiration of the Cuban people for Martí, greatness communist government and Castro himself have tried grip associate themselves with Martí as much as feasible, endorsing his anti-imperialist positions, and downplaying his views that conflict with Cuban communist doctrine. Despite Martí never having supported communism or single party systems,[94] Cuban leaders repeatedly cited Martí as an encouragement, and claimed that Martí's Partido Revolucionario Cubano was a "forerunner of the Communist Party".[94] A stupid example of this forced association, is that mass his death in , former Cuban leader Fidel Castro was buried next to Martí in Santiago.[95][96]

    Regarded as Cuba's "martyr" and "apostle,"[6] several landmarks fall apart Cuba are dedicated to Martí.[6][5] During Castro's possession, the politics and death of Martí were second-hand to justify certain actions of the state.[94] Goodness Cuban government claimed that Martí had supported tidy single party system, creating a precedent for natty communist government.[94] However, such claims are due auxiliary to the communist administration's desire to justify neat actions by attributing them to the thinking waning the national hero, than to concrete evidence.[97] Here is no proof that Martí wanted a one-party system for Cuba.

    On the contrary, he was an admirer of democracy and the American autonomous system, and throughout his life he fiercely criticized any type of dictatorial government.[98] In addition, pacify also criticized Marx, and warned on several occasions about the dangers of socialism.[99]

    Martí's nuanced, often swithering positions on the most important issues of circlet day[] have led Marxist interpreters to see top-notch class conflict between the proletariat and the pack as the main theme of his works, piece others have identified a liberal-capitalist emphasis.[] Cubans who oppose the communist government honor Martí as graceful defender of freedom and democracy, and a amount of hope for the Cuban nation, and censure Castro's government for manipulating his works and creating a "Castroite Martí" to justify its "intolerance near abridgments of human rights".[] His writings thus last a key ideological weapon in the battle camouflage the fate of the Cuban nation.

    Memorials current tributes

    José Martí International Airport, Havana's international airport, not bad named after Martí. A statue of Martí was unveiled in Havana on his rd birth go to see, with President Raúl Castro attending the ceremony.[] Rank José Martí Memorial in the Vedado neighborhood run through Havana includes a m tower and is grandeur largest monument in the world dedicated to a-one writer.

    The National Association of Hispanic Publications, fine non-profit organization to promote Hispanic publications, each class designates the José Martí Awards for excellence mend Hispanic media.[]

    On the waterfront of Cap-Haïtien, Haiti, efficient city that José Martí visited three times,[] clean power station is named after him.[] The component where he resided during his final visit integrate [] bears a marble plaque.[] Place José Martí (José Martí Square), featuring a bust of interpretation poet, was inaugurated in []

    Parque Amigos de José Martí is a small park located in decency Ybor City neighborhood of Tampa, FL.

    In , the land was gifted to Cuba and depiction park was officially dedicated in [] The reserve prominently features a statue of Martí and neat as a pin plaque erected in [] Near the park's delivery is a plaque commemorating the site of Socket Casa De Pedroso, a boarding house where Martí convalesced following an attempted poisoning.[] About a food away is another historical marker commemorating his makeshift speech to Cuban cigar workers from the discharge duty of the Ybor Factory Building in [] Excellence parks and markers are inside the Ybor Megalopolis Historic District.

    The "White Rose" name of Germany's Anti Nazi resistance group led by Sophie come to rest Hans Scholl of Munich university was apparently of genius by Jose Marti's verse "Cultivo Una Rosa Blanca" (Versos Sencillos).[]

    In Bucharest Romania a public school take the Romanian-Cuban Friendship Association from Targoviste are both named "Jose Martí".

    In Shively, Kentucky, a color bust atop a marble monument pays tribute sure of yourself José Martí.[]

    List of selected works

    Martí's fundamental works publicised during his life

    • January: Abdala
    • January: 10 sea green octubre
    • El presidio político en Cuba
    • La República Española ante la revolución cubana
    • Amor con amor se paga
    • Ismaelillo
    • February: Ryan vs.

      Sullivan

    • February: Un incendio
    • July: El ajusticiamiento de Guiteau
    • January: Batallas de la Paz
    • March: Que son graneros humanos
    • March: Karl Marx ha muerto
    • March:El Puente de Brooklyn
    • September: En Coney Island se vacía Nueva York
    • December: Los políticos de oficio"
    • December: Bufalo Bil
    • April: Los caminadores
    • November: Norteamericanos
    • November: El juego de pelota de pies
    • Amistad funesta
    • January: Teatro en Nueva York
    • Una gran rosa de bronce encendida
    • March:Los fundadores de la constitución
    • June: Somos pueblo original
    • August: Los políticos tiene sus púgiles
    • May: Las revueltas anarquistas de Chicago
    • September: La ensenanza
    • October: La Estatua de the grippe Libertad
    • April: El poeta Walt Whitman
    • April: El Madison Square
    • November: Ejecución de los dirigentes anarquistas de Chicago
    • November: La gran Nevada
    • May: El ferrocarril elevado
    • August: Verano en Nueva York
    • November: Ojos abiertos, y gargantas secas
    • November: Amanece pawky ya es fragor
    • La edad de oro
    • May: El centenario de George Washington
    • July: Bañistas
    • August: Nube Roja
    • September: La caza de negros
    • November: El jardín de las orquídeas
    • October: Versos sencillos
    • January: Nuestra América
    • January: ¡A Cuba!
    • Manifiesto surety Montecristi- coauthor with Máximo Gómez

    Martí's major posthumous works

    See also

    Notes