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New Constitution, Odingaism and the State of Internecine Democracy in Orange Democratic Movement and its Tool on the Elections in Kenya
1Parties zigzag exist in political societies today may be tyrant or democratic; they may seek power through elections or through revolutions; and they may espouse ideologies of left, right or centre, or indeed, draw back political ideas altogether.
However, what is important critique that the development of political parties and goodness acquisition of a party system have been infamous as a mark of political modernization in integrity contemporary world (Heywood, ). Since their formation, public parties have served as training ground for politicians, equipping them with skills, knowledge and experience, obtain offering them some form of career structure, yet one that depends on fortunes of the outfit.
Political parties have also been the means vindicate which societies set collective goals and in good cases ensure that they are carried out. Parties play this role because in the process pray to seeking power, they formulate programmes of government conquest conferences, election manifestos and conventions.
2According to Castles (), apart from these attributes, criticism of political parties is certainly not new.
This author was profoundly critical of parties and factions, believing that they would promote conflict and destroy the underlying entity of society. He was also concerned that, because collective bodies, parties necessarily suppress freedom of contemplating and the politics of individual conscience. Modern fret about politics, however, stems from evidence of their decline as agents of representation and as gargantuan effective link between government and the people.
Seek of the contemporary crisis of party politics throne be found in a decline of both class membership and partisanship as well as in position rise of antiparty groups and movements (Sartori, ). This can be explained by the perception think it over parties are tainted by power, ambition and calamity, and that they have suffered as a appear in of general disillusionment caused by the growing incapacity of governments to deliver on their promises.
They are also seen to have failed to fluent the aspirations and sensibilities associated with post means or generated by postmodernism (Heywood, )
3Party democracy quite good therefore a process that has grown over again and again and refers to a form of popular medium that operates through the agency of party although democratic institution (Mair, ).
There are two views about how this can be achieved. In say publicly first case, party democracy can be realized be diagnosed with institutionalization of principles of intra-party democracy. This outward appearance sees political parties as democratic agents that scatter power within them and evenly. This implies, possession instance, that there should be broad participation make happen the election of leaders and a prominent portrayal for conferences and conventions in policy formulation (Randal, ).
In the second model, democracy dictates go off at a tangent policy-making power should be concentrated in the labour of party members who are elected and for that reason publicly accountable (Kartz, ). However, some argue delay if this process is not checked, a chasmal and even dispersal of power within the establishment may lead to the tyranny of non-elected circumstances activists.
4Looking at Kenya’s political parties, Elischer () argues that Kenyan political society had been consistently illogical along ethnic lines.
At least at the add level of political parties, two of the country’s dominant ethnic cleavage lines are the divisions betwixt Luo and Kikuyu and between Kalenjin and Kikuyu. With Kenya’s independence, the ruling party KANU emerged victorious with the idea of having a one and centralized system of government, which also embraced capitalism both as an economic and political doctrine.
The political elites were to govern Kenya territory this ideology up to when Jaramogi Oginga Odinga came up with his socialist idea, which led lodging his breakaway from the postcolonial Kenyatta government. Tho' this split was ideological, it was also supposed as ethnically driven. The paper uses the kinetics of political developments in the early post isolated Kenya to analyse how and whether ODM whilst a political party has managed to nurture sheltered democratic ideals in the run up to the General elections.1 It gives a brief background make known party politics and the driving force behind dignity formation of various parties within the Kenyan partisan arena.
The paper also interrogates the ideological tell off philosophical leanings of Raila Odinga and assesses perforce his ideological leanings had any influence in picture senatorial, gubernatorial and parliamentary elections within ODM gorilla a party especially in Nyanza Province.2
5Orange Democratic Portage (ODM) is the leading political party in Kenya, and a successor of a former grassroots people’s movement bringing together different parties to oppose the Kenyan Constitutional Referendum.
The name ORANGE originates devour the ballot cards in the referendum, in which a ‘Yes’ vote was represented by a herb and a ‘No’ vote by an orange. For this reason the parties claim successorship to those who exact not support the referendum at the time (Nyanchoga et al, ).
6In the Constitutional Referendum of the ‘No’ vote which ODM campaigned for won out with % of Kenyans voting down the proposed constitution, assuming victory to the Orange team.
Following the rebuff of the constitution, President Kibaki dismissed the thorough cabinet. ODM responded by calling for immediate universal elections, claiming that the Kibaki regime had astray its mandate as a result of the poll. Kibaki’s government resisted this. ODM then emerged bit a major opposition party along with KANU, vital even organized a number of rallies throughout description country asking for elections and a new structure amongst other demands (Nyanchoga et al, 56)
7As probity General Elections of progressed, Uhuru Kenyatta of KANU pulled out of the ODM coalition in July and went ahead to endorse President Kibaki’s re-election.
This was soon followed by a split of the collection into two factions in mid-August , the Orange Republican Movement Party of Kenya (ODM), and the Chromatic Democratic Movement Kenya (ODM Kenya), as a do its stuff of internal rivalry with Kalonzo Musyoka. Raila Odinga, Musalia Mudavadi, William Ruto, Joseph Nyagah and Najib Balala defected and took over the ODM crowd (Keverenge, ).
ODM held their elections for statesmanly candidate on consecutive days at the Kasarani actions complex in Nairobi.
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On September 1st, , Raila Odinga defeated Ruto, Mudavadi, Balala and Nyagah for the ODM pelerine. He then faced president Kibaki in the general selection representing ODM. Kibaki was declared winner of honourableness elections in circumstances that were described as “highly questionable” by various observers both local and ecumenical ones. This declaration triggered widespread violence as of people protested against the Electoral Commission’s cuddle hurriedly swearing-in of Kibaki as the President go hard in the evening at the Nairobi state dwelling-place.
ODM won 99 out of the seats in Parliament and repair with its affiliates, the party constituted about Members be taken in by Parliament therefore becoming the party with the largest part members in the House.
8Soon after the swearing get of the members of the 10th Parliament, the corporation received a setback when it lost two Brothers of Parliament in a span of one period through brutal attacks.
Mellitus Mugabe Were, the Embakasi MP was shot at close range outside reward home in Nairobi while David Arap Too (MP for Ainamoi) was shot dead by a guard officer in Eldoret town. ODM managed to retrieval the Ainamoi seat which was won by Influential. Too’s brother Benjamin Lang’at. The party however strayed the Embakasi seat to Ferdinand Waititu of PNU.
Unfortunately, as the party was campaigning in Ainamoi, it lost two of its very influential chapters in a plane crash, the Roads Minister Kipkalya Kones (Bomet) and Home Affairs Assistant Minister Lorna Laboso (Sotik). The two were the main campaigners for the ODM candidate in Ainamoi.
9The party’s alert was later displayed when it recaptured both spaces left vacant by the demise of Hon.
Kones and Hon. Laboso through Mr. Kones widow, Character Kones and Dr. Joyce Laboso, a sister resurrect Lorna Laboso. In May , ODM lost Shinyalu Advocate Charles Lirechi Lugano who succumbed to illness. Say publicly seat was recaptured through Justus Kizito Mugali. Dignity party won the Bomachoge Parliamentary seat through Patriarch Ogari which was previously held by FORD-People’s Book Onyancha, a PNU affiliate.
ODM continued to honour well in consequent by-elections. Following the passing close the political parties act, ODM held its widespread domestic elections in late December with Prime Minister Raila Odinga emerging as the party leader, and Industrialization Revivalist Henry Kosgey as party chairman. The elections completed sure regional and gender representation was taken affect account and addressed.
10Regardless of these internal and alien challenges, ODM was formed on the platform regard championing for democratic reforms and accountability in public administration.
It was committed to reforming the offer by instituting nationhood through collective participation of persons in governance. These ideals have been clearly exact by its mission statement and vision in the party constitution which stated its commitment ‘to win lecture maintain power through democratic means and to arouse such power to ensure economic and political authorisation of all Kenyans’.
The party’s vision also envisages a ‘united and prosperous modern Kenya founded formerly popular democracy and social justice’. Contrary to these principles, before the elections, the party was afflicted bypass internal challenges in the dispensation of democratic homily. Part of the specific challenges faced included non-inclusive candidate selection procedures and poor conflict management mechanisms.
11Some have argued that the party has been jog as a personal kingdom and is devoid inducing anything that is akin to a membership-based putting together.
Advocates of internal party democracy within the reception have been alienated and pronounced ‘enemies within’ illustriousness party. Critics of the party have also argued that before the elections, the party systematically abused any more institutional statutes and became a pillar of tyrant rule, building her support through clientelism and patronage.
12Erikson & Tedin () defines ideology as a “set of doctrine about the proper order of society and how on earth it can be achieved”.
Specific ideologies crystallize fairy story communicate the widely (but not unanimously) shared keep fit, opinions, and values of an identifiable group, organization, constituency, or society (Freeden, ; Knight, ). Ideologies also endeavor to describe or interpret the planet as it is – by making assertions or assumptions result in the human nature, historical events, present realities, standing future possibilities and to envision the world despite the fact that it should be, specifying acceptable means of consummation social, economic, and political ideals.
Different ideologies promote socially shared but competing philosophies of life gift how it should be lived (and how theatre group should be governed).
13Philosophers and social scientists have, nevertheless, long disagreed about whether to embrace a censorious, even judgmental tone in describing and analyzing ideologies or, alternatively, to adopt a more value-neutral sit for (Jost et al., b; Knight, ).
The onetime, more critical tradition descends from the writings near Marx & Engels (/), who regarded ideology (in contrast chitchat science) as a potentially dangerous form of phantasm and mystification that typically serves to conceal tolerate maintain exploitative social relations. Along these lines, (Mannheim, 55) depicted certain ideologies as “more or amusing conscious disguises of the real nature of adroit situation”.
Habermas (), too, treated ideology as a-okay form of “systematically distorted communication”, and this interpretation remains common in certain circles of social theorists.
14But also, an ideology is a more or pointless coherent set of ideas that provides the grounds for organized political action, whether this is voluntary to preserve, modify or overthrow the existing usage of power.
It is against this background walk Raila’s beliefs and philosophy on a democratic inspect and social justice leading to a fair explode equitable representation and leadership is examined. The earth of political parties and their ideologies can cast doubt on traced to the immediate post-independent Kenyan government.
15Kenya became independent on 12 December and became a republic in the pursuing year.
President Jomo Kenyatta, who was the purpose of the Kenya African National Union (KANU), became Kenya’s first president. A small but significant communistic opposition party formed in , the Kenya People’s Combining (KPU), was led by Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, exceptional former vice president and Luo elder. There followed three years of political harassment and detention make a rough draft party leaders.
The KPU was banned and tight leader detained after political unrest related to Kenyatta’s visit to Nyanza Province when he went own open the New Nyanza General Hospital on 25 October Cack-handed new opposition parties were formed after , and KANU became the sole political party. President Kenyatta was not excited about the hospital, since it was built with Soviet money and seen as Odinga’s project.
This was the genesis of ideological wars between Kenyatta of KANU and Odinga of KPU seen as a conduit for socialist ideologies explain Kenya. Moi’s regime also flourished on a work out party system after Kenyatta’s death in Moi’s arrangement became more authoritative and dictatorial and did categorize allow any liberal opinion to be aired.
Extensive his reign, a number of politicians were behind time without trial for opposing his rule while natty number of them went into exile in formal countries. Under this kind of environment social ill-treat and democracy as an ideology could not win out (see Ogot, ; Cohen, ).
16Party competition was allowed in Kenya in the late December after several decades of one party rule under the Kenya Somebody National Union (KANU).
Immediately afterwards, the opposition cognizant the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD), whose leadership set up incorporated representatives of grab hold of major communities. A few months into its tape, the FORD split into FORD-Asili and the FORD-Kenya as its two main leaders, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga (Luo) and Kenneth Matiba (Kikuyu) failed to subdue their respective ambitions to become the FORD’s statesmanlike candidate.
Subsequently both the FORD-Asili and FORD-Kenya promptly developed into parties representing Kikuyu (FORD-Asili) and Luo/Luhya (FORD-Kenya) interests, which were evident in terms refreshing their leadership, set up as well as their electoral support (Throup and Hornsby, ).
17The FORD-Kenya mint disintegrated as its Luo and Luhya wing fought viciously over its leadership.
The Luo wing secondary to the leadership of Raila Odinga eventually defected be form the National Development Party (NDP) whose strengthen was confined to the Luo dominated areas light Nyanza Province. Simultaneously the FORD-Kenya declined to out party whose outreach was reduced to Luhya director and followers.
18In addition to FORD, the Democratic Slight (DP) emerged also in the late as a divisive faction from KANU under the leadership of Mwai Kibaki and John Keen.
At its formation integrity DP included Kikuyu elites but also smaller communities such as the Kamba, the Meru, or representation Maasai. As the Ford and later FORD-Kenya, glory DP was equally unable to stay united. Sensation marginalized by the dominance of Kibaki’s personality playing field his wealthy Kikuyu entourage, John Keen from nobleness Maasai as well as Charity Ngilu and Agnes Ndetei from the Kamba left the party, patch Keen and Ndetei defected back to KANU, Tolerance Ngilu took over the Social Democratic Party (SDP) which had hitherto been unknown to the open up Kenya populace and transformed it into a outfit which openly advocated Kamba interest.
Thus due make ill their ethnic factionalism and ethnic rivalry, the African democratic opposition had reached a situation of partly complete fragmentation into several (mono) ethnic parties spawn early (Elischer, ).
19On the governing benches, at the at the double, the KANU showed ethnic bias in favour on the way out the Kalenjin community of president Moi as convulsion as in favour of the many smaller communities such as the Maasai, the Turkana and authority Samburu (Elischer, ).
20In NDP was formed and thereafter in merged with KANU.
The NDP highlighted that the Pristine KANU represented first and foremost a unique occasion for the Luo people to regain power. Succeeding on Raila fell out with KANU and Moi. A significant number of the New KANU front under the leadership of Raila Odinga decided visit break away from the KANU over the cascade of a Kikuyu presidential candidate and defected cause problems the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
The LDP commit fraud merged with National Alliance Party of Kenya (NAK) in order to form the National Rainbow Merger (NARC). The NARC proved to be the extreme and so far only nationwide alliance, which managed to include all of Kenya’s major ethnic aggregations without falling apart before Election Day (Ndegwa, ).
21However, as early as two weeks in Kibaki’s steering gear, initial tensions became visible between the different national wings which made up the NARC (Kadima boss Owuor, ).
The NARC Kikuyu MPs for occasion voted for fellow Kikuyu opposition parties when flow came to the selection of prestigious chairmanship disposition of Parliamentary Committees. Kibaki himself appointed several ministers closely associated with Kenyatta’s former hawkish Kikuyu advantaged including Njenga Karume and John Michuki.
The languishing relationship between them and the rest of influence NARC came to a final end over Kibaki’s refusal to initiate constitutional reforms, which would possess seen the creation of strong executive Prime Minister.
22In the eventual referendum that was held in in which the executive powers of the president were make stronger in the infamous (Amos) Wako Draft (constitution), Raila Odinga’s led group voted ‘No’ against the control proposed constitution which was viewed as an distress to the Kibaki government.
Kibaki followed swiftly dampen sacking all the cabinet ministers who campaigned break the rules the proposed constitution. Raila Odinga and Kalonzo Musyoka were the main losers in this sacking. That in turn led to the formation of position Orange Democratic Movement led by Odinga and someday the Party of National Unity led by Kibaki (Elischer, ).
Although the split had a sunlit ethnic dimension, it brought to the fore bore ideological and philosophical standpoint of Raila Odinga.
23Raila’s metaphysics has been anchored on his desire to look a democratic Kenyan society free from authoritarian extract dictatorial rule. He believes in constitutionalism and unadorned devolved system of government where resources are enjoyed by the people and not by individuals.
Queen ideas on social justices also envisages a untrammelled Kenya where people are at liberty to from their freedoms of speech, assembly, press and rectitude ability to chose a leader of their alternative. Babafemi () argues that the indignity of sight his father detained without trial and his KPU opposition party banned, and the oppressive nature give an account of the past regimes shaped Raila’s decision to write off into politics and to fight to rectify description wrongs he felt his family, Kenyans and those who fought for democratic freedoms suffered.
His struggles, beliefs and ideology have therefore always revolved retain liberating the oppressed from repressive regimes so meander they can enjoy their civil and political insist on. All these freedoms, Raila believed, could only fleece achieved through reforming and reviewing the Kenya’s constitution.
24The people of Kenya ushered in a new Construct in the year which changed the country’s constitutional button.
The major change was that the country unnatural from a parliamentary system of governance to uncluttered presidential system of governance.
Tingle was believed that the impact of the Makeup would be felt during the electioneering period of In this new constitutional dispensation, new elective places or roles were created. These positions included the post encouragement the senator, governor, county representative and women rep. Unlike, the old constitutional order, the new native dispensation barred presidential candidates and their deputies plant seeking any parliamentary seat.
This, in essence done on purpose that in case a presidential candidate fails currency clinch the presidency then he/she had to assign ‘out’ of politics for the next five In this context, therefore, the fundamental question would be whether the new Constitution would undermine birth presidential ambitions of Raila Odinga leading to birth collapse of Odingaism or whether it would keep someone Odingaism with Raila becoming the president.
But what is Odingaism as an ideology? To answer that question, we need to trace the family captivated political background of Raila Odinga within the impression of the role and the position of sovereign father within the members of his Luo community.
25In defining Odingaism, it is important to highlight several historical facts about the philosophical ideas surrounding postponement.
Murunga ( 47) observes that the obsession write down the Odinga family is cultural. Indeed, among rank Luo, the Ker (teacher) was the ultimate honest or spiritual leader. This leader was also a-okay japaro (thinker) who had been elevated to justness status of Ramogi (the Moses of the Luo). The name ‘Jaramogi’ means the disciple of Ramogi; it was the name given to Oginga Odinga, Raila’s father, not by himself but by high-mindedness consensus of the community in This fact solitary underlined and continues to legitimate his leadership hark back to the Luo.
As Oruka explained,
… From time instantaneously time in history a person of great upstanding insight and courage comes to the scene fairy story by communal consensus assumes the role of Abate. Once one is declared a Ker it not bad considered to attract a curse if anybody comment at war with him or her. AKer interest hardly ever formally elected.
There can be on the rocks hierarchy of Ker and there are generally community who play the role of Ker in their particular clans or districts. But usually there psychiatry the ultimate Ker who is seen as rank torchbearer of Ramogi, the dominant ancestor of high-mindedness Luo.
Odinga as Jaramogi has played this position since the early s (Oruka, 28).
26Jaramogi Oginga Odinga was installed as Ker in This installation explains ground the Luo have considered Odinga worth their aid. The excellent leadership of Odinga in business near politics and his figure as the leading Nilotic politician all provide reasons why the Luo installed faith in him.
It should be remembered depart Raila Odinga was not just Oginga Odinga’s loved son; he was also active alongside his divine in the politics of dissent against the overwhelming and authoritarian regimes of both Kenyatta and Moi. For this, he unofficially took over the dominance of the Luo after the death of jurisdiction father, though not in the status of Soubriquet this time.
This dissent against political oppression dominant authoritarianism informed Raila’s ideology and philosophy of group justice, liberalism and political freedom of the general public anchored in the ideology of social democracy.
27Odingaism critique used to refer to the unrelenting faith weather belief that the Luo and other non-Luo put on in Oginga Odinga and his son Raila.
Odingaism is unlike any other ideologies in Kenyan machination because it rotates around a personality whose tallness apex in his society and beyond gives him character unreserved trust of the followers. Similarly, Odingaism deference unlike any ideology in Kenya because the developmental logic of its origin has fused with ruler personality to produce a form of authority only just possessed by many other leaders in Kenya, counting Kenyatta and Moi.
What distinguishes Odingaism from leftovers is that it is grounded on real authority; it is not crafted around a hawkish elicitation of a carefully orchestrated personality cult (Schatzberg, 23). Such personality cults are what both Kenyatta stake Moi tried to build but Odingaism is deal in a different nature. Its legacy has a constant basis that even with the death of Jaramogi Odinga, his successor Raila Odinga has been justification to continue to marshal and get unreserved cultural and non-ethnic Luo followers (see Murunga, 51).
High-mindedness idea of Odingaism illustrates the sense in which ethnic men of power, or boss men, lever popular voice and community decisions. The effect extent this works well if the boss man enquiry tolerant and is able to direct the energies of his following to constructive end like Odinga did for the Luo Thrift and Trading Association (LUTATCO).
LUTATCO was based on Jaramogi Oginga Odinga’s economic ideology for the economic empowerment of Africans against the capitalist colonial settlers (Atieno-Odhimabo, ; Odinga, ).
28Thriving on Odingaism, Raila Odinga has been fit into to consolidate the Luo and non-Luo ethnic benefaction base to his advantage. He has been discomfited to mutate from the principles, philosophy and ideologies of his father who operated along the hang on of socialism.
Raila has embraced social democracy both as a political philosophy and ideology. Guided dampen the values and principles of social democracy standing the humanness of the African traditional societies, Raila has been particularly concerned about the oppressed, position poor, inequity in the distribution of public crinkle and the voiceless majority.
His unrelenting fight weekly social justice for all and participatory democracy fair him three detentions without trial during the 24 years fanatic Moi’s rule. This handed the Odinga family oodles of sympathy from Kenyans who believed in conversion and reform. Mr. Odinga was seen as blue blood the gentry one who would spearhead the necessary reforms advantaged the country.
Proponents of social democracy never jilted liberal values and recognized their importance for work force cane. However, they formerly declared that political freedom was a precondition of the social freedom and greatness political rights alone were not enough for high-mindedness social emancipation, and therefore, the political freedom esoteric to be extended to the social issues.
Extent creates opportunities but without social rights, the administrative freedom can never be universal. Hence, taking stretch as a single system of principles “freedom-social justice-solidarity became an axiom of the social democracy” (Acharya, ). Raila believes in these ideologies, however, secret the African context these ideologies sometimes become besides difficult to achieve because of the ethnicised features of politics.
However, he used his philosophy homespun on the ideology of social democracy to go into detail the democratic space within Kenya’s political arena which has ensured freedom of speech, association, assembly, coequality and the rule of law. This has bent realized by putting the existing governments in rocksolid check and accountable to the people of Kenya.
Odingaism, therefore, is a special brand of ‘political-isms’ that refers both to the exceptional hold which the Odinga’s, and especially Raila, have over glory Luo. To his followers, Raila epitomizes a representation of political freedom and a liberator that African masses have been hitherto denied in the finished successive authoritarian political regimes (De Smedt, ).
Take part is this ideology that Raila has tried survive inculcate and nurture in his ODM party. That paper also examines if these ideologies drive honourableness ODM party operations and politics.
29Our informants’ understanding some intra-party democracy (IPD) was not well developed mistake explained.
This was attributed to the lack show consideration for basic education by the party on issues show consideration for governance as service to party members. However, nearby was general understanding of the role of factious parties in linking ordinary citizens to government. Contemporary was also good knowledge of political parties similarly organizations that contest elections and engage in vex public activities designed to influence policies in state.
Political parties were also viewed as elite-owned machinery for seeking and maintaining political power with imperial machinery or structures found at all levels obvious political activity-national, regional, district, constituency, ward, all loftiness way down to the grassroots.
30For the case oust ODM, IPD was explained through four critical sprinkling.
In the first case, IPD was a system of popular participation and consultation at all levels on party matters as well as freedom watch expression to criticize party leadership. The second ascendant important aspect noted was that IPD reflects talk into adherence to the party constitution. Thirdly, informants matt-up that a party is internally democratic if wear smart clothes members are able to influence vital party decisions.
And fourthly, most respondents identified issues of transparence and accountability and regular free and fair elections in party nominations as the main indicators reveal internal party democracy. However in regard to interpretation ratings of the various interpretations of IPD, favourite participation and consultation at all party levels move on all matters, and freedom of expression constitute criticize party leadership were identified as the greater indicators that should define internal democracy in ODM.
31In regard to this understanding of IPD, most component officials interviewed observed that the party performed out of sorts in terms of adherence to the basic beliefs of democracy because decision making in the band was not based on a deliberative and participatory process among party members seen as equals.
Blue blood the gentry decisions were also not guided by party natural procedures and regulations while the party leader strayed control of the decision making process in rendering party once he became Prime Minister and deputed it to elites. In reference to the Unshakable retentive Law of Oligarchy formulated by Michels () make available was suggested that the party favored domination infant a few (elites) in which case the participatory or democratic structures were unable to check decency manipulation of elites but only disguise them.
Contents the framework of Michels’ ideas, elite groups infant ODM like in any party were acknowledged reawaken their specialisation, expertise and better organisational skills. Despite that compared to the ordinary members of the slim they dominated the rank and file of representation party while the party members remain disposed agreement accept subordination and venerate them.
According to a-one former Member of Parliament and close ally make acquainted Raila Odinga, Hon. Gor Sungu, “Raila became uncut different man, meeting him became a nightmare solution many of his close friends”. This suggests renounce the party leader killed the process of confab or was selective in his associations, often regardless of those with whom he may have developed exhausted or poor relations.
32Denis Kodhe also observed in The Standard newspaper that the party leader was oppressed by the task of administration as the Legalize Minister as well as the challenges of ostentatious a power balance in the coalition arrangement which was linked with policy inconsistencies.
He was hence not fully in charge of the party: “Raila seemed to have lost his knack and bounded himself with handlers and advisors who cared low about the future than their personal development”. Kodhe states that:
The rain started beating Odinga and ODM party immediately after he became the Prime Cleric in the Kofi Annan negotiated Grand Coalition authority in From there on, the situation has antiquated downhill all the way, until sometime last day () when most members of his ‘Pentagon’ body deserted him to join or form other bureaucratic outfits (The Standard, March 15, ).
33The deliberative and participatory processes hitherto nurtured through the representative symbol suffer organ of the party (pentagon) was systematically relegated together with Raila’s compatriots in the struggle.
Dignity able critics in the party like Hon William Ruto, Musalia Mudavadi and Najib Balala who intentional in sustaining internal competitive democracy were also replaced with individuals who could not sell their programme in their respective constituencies or counties, let on one`s own campaign for his election as president.
34Some of justness close allies and advisers who are said theorist have been allowed to influence party policies contained personalities like Medical Services minister and secretary prevailing of the party Prof.
Anyang’ Nyong’o. Together reach an agreement many others, this team served to isolate time-consuming of the lieutenants in the Pentagon, forcing them to abandon ship. Lawyer and author Miguna Miguna, Raila’s legal and constitutional advisor, was one specified casualty who was sacked for writing an be in agreement questioning the integrity and capability of Isaack Hassan, the IEBC chairman.
35Other reasons given to indicate lapse the party was not democratic include the impost of parliamentary candidates on the electorate, even shuffle through the party held some kind of primary elections in February Yet, the nomination dates were countenance close to the Interim Elections and Boundary Commissions deadline (IEBC) in order to control defections.
According to IEBC calendar, the parties were supposed appeal do their nomination between 4 January and 17 January ,and to submit significance final list of names on 18 January Most of decency parties chose to have the nominations on representation last day, i.e. 17 January in order to prevent drab from defecting and contesting in other parties.
36The ODM nominations were administered by an ODM National Choice Board (NEB) which was however undergoing a frantic reformation after Odinga, on 19 September , took steps to buttress the democratic credentials of the board which was previously perceived as weak and partial.
This was in response to heated criticism of the ODM’s contested nomination of Augustino Neto for MP suggest Ndhiwa. By overhauling the membership of the Schnozzle and insisting that: “Our nomination process for indefinite electoral positions in the coming general election should be flawless”, Raila sought to give aspirants deliver the country faith that they will have trig fair opportunity to win the ODM ticket on the assumption that they join or remain in the party.
Notwithstanding, this seemed to have been primarily motivated newborn the desire to avoid defections to other parties and, to a lesser degree, the need stumble upon make absolutely certain that there was no endanger of a party split in the run-up give a warning the presidential campaign.
37This re-emphasis on internal democracy was confirmed by the new NEB, which issued significance following statement:
The Board is currently reviewing the roadmap for holding fair, transparent and democratic elections weather nominations.
The Board affirms that the nomination context will be fully transparent, inclusive and participatory. Now and then ODM member who wishes to run for common man post will have the freedom to stand good turn every voter will have the right to show of hands for the candidate he/she wishes to nominate abide elect. Finally, NEB assures candidates that there shall be no direct nominations.
The playing ground desire be even and non-compromised (The Standard, Tuesday, September 25, ).
38Contrary to the spirit of this statement make wet the National Elections Board, on 17 January ODM primaries useless to take off in nearly all the constituencies save for Karachuonyo, Rarieda, Nyakach, Kasipul Kabondo be first Suna East; and plans to hold repeat polls the following day also suffered serious logistical challenges before collapsing.
But even in the five constituencies where elections were held, only former Rarieda Throw out Nicholas Gumbo secured the party’s ticket to scud in the 4 March General Election. Analysts have argued that dignity anger by the party supporters degenerated into far-out protest vote against ODM nominees in favor pleasant its partners in CORD as well as tenable withdrawal from voting Raila as their preferred president.
39Earlier on, on 5 January , CORD affiliate parties through a For all Election Board announced that it would conduct seam nomination exercise for all elective posts in leadership coming general election.
Olago aluoch biography books pdf: John Olago Aluoch is a Kenyan politician good turn started out in the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) and was elected to represent the Kisumu Civic West Constituency in the Kenya National Assembly thanks to the Kenyan parliamentary election.
Besides setting up great joint Election Board, CORD also formed an Appeals Board to deal with disputes arising from birth nomination which were expected to be highly moot and potentially divisive. In effect, according to that arrangement, the candidates from ODM, Wiper Democratic Boost (WDM), FORD-Kenya, CCU, KADU-Asili, Kenya Social Congress, Tine, Mkenya Solidarity Movement, United Democratic Movement and Peoples Democratic Party would have to work extra bestow to secure the coalitions ticket for the March elections.
Nomination for Governor, Senator, Member of Parliament, Detachment Representative and Member of the County Assembly (Ward Representatives) would be by universal suffrage through dark ballot on 17 January (The Standard, January 6, ). However, on 8 January , Raila Odinga announced that CORD had shelved the line nomination strategy and adopted a new plan walk blends party primaries in some regions with what it called ‘negotiated democracy’ in other areas.
According to the alliance leaders, the team embraced regular blend of measures that included allowing parties equivalent to nominate candidates to compete in its stronghold areas, hold joint nominations in cosmopolitan areas and allot room for negotiated democracy in swing vote areas (The Standard, January 9, ). But, this plan was not to be as each party went in advance and conducted its own nominations.
This came welcome as a result of the small parties in quod the coalition citing domination by the bigger parties in the coalition.
40Flaws in the ODM party primaries started to be evident when ODM aspirants be glad about Migori raised the red flag after the ODM party decided to reserve the Migori senatorial base for the Kuria community during the ‘Isebania Declaration’ which gave the position of the senate colloquium the Kuria people, a minority in the Migori County dominated by members from the Luo humans.
In this declaration attended by Raila Odinga, birth seat was preserved for the former Kuria Reduce Wilfred Machage, thereby violating the party nomination record and guidelines of free and fair nominations denuded of direct nomination. This did not auger satisfactorily for other party aspirants for the same senatorial position from Migori who had already invested boss paid over KShs.
, as nomination fee to justness party for the senatorial seat (The Standard, December 5, ).
41Stakes were higher in some areas like Karachuonyo where former MP James Rege was declared champion by the returning officer after beating his maintain challenger Adipo Akuome with a 3, margin but rendering party offered its nomination ticket to Mr.
Donny Opar who had trailed the front runner take the stones out of the tail end. Mr. Rege is quoted type saying:
I am shocked that my name is lacking from the list published in the IEBC site. I won in broad daylight. I am incomplete that fraud of this magnitude is being meted out on me,” complained Mr. Rege (Sunday Nation, January 27, ).
42His main challenger, Mr.
Akuome, phony to Vice-President Kalonzo Musyoka’s party, Wiper, to persuade off with Mr. Opar in Karachuonyo constituency. Thorough Nyakach where former MP Polynce Ochieng lost influence fight for the party ticket, ODM nominated Nairobi businessman Aduma Awuor, forcing Mr. Ochieng to fly to Wiper while another candidate, Mr. Erick Ouma, secured Cyrus Jirongo’s Federal Party of Kenya docket while in Kasipul, Mr.
Were Ongondo secured well-ordered TIP ticket and notified his supporters of interpretation change. Former Migori MP John Pesa, who won the contest in Suna East, was tongue fastened after he learnt that his rival, Mr. Junet Sheik Mohamed, had secured the party ticket shadowing an order from a prominent party official.
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However, by Friday, Purchasers. Mohamed’s certificate was yet to be signed. Toilet Pesa complained to the Sunday Nation:
I was asserted winner. I was not anticipating these games unfinished Friday when I realized that my name was missing from the IEBC list. I don’t see who is doing this to me and ground I am being fought”, Mr.
Pesa told say publicly Sunday Nation.
43Instead of providing reasons for these challenges, Mr. Bett the ODM director of elections blame local leaders and former MPs for conspiring style disrupt the party’s logistical planning for a appropriate poll. This again confirms the fact that original institutions were not respected by some leaders sample that clear rules and policies regulating the elections process were not in place.
44This was the parcel in Kisumu Town West Constituency and Kisumu Urban Central Constituency.
In Kisumu Town West, Mr. Olago Aluoch who was defending his parliamentary seat wrestling match an ODM ticket had to decamp to Walk through drudge Kenya after he was defeated in the untrue party primaries by Rozah Buyu popularly known in the same way Dwasi. However, Mr. Olago Aluoch went against nobleness grain to defeat Rozah Buyu of ODM reasoning a FORD-Kenya ticket to the dismay of prestige locals in an area which is an ODM stronghold.
Generally, the way nominations were carried stretch ignited violent demonstrations across Nyanza province. The hide from view of agitated voters chanting anti-Raila slogans amid claims of poll rigging in the Orange primaries get your skates on Nyanza was a rare sight. So, too, was that of protestors threatening to decamp to antagonist Uhuru Kenyatta’s coalition (The Standard, January 27, ).
Ensue is, therefore, evident that since Raila was added focused on the presidency, he did not demand to ‘get involved’ in local nomination process which could have painted him as a tribal cheat while he was playing national politics.
45Although Kenya has a sizeable African middle class, ethnic cleavages possess more often than not stifled the reformist list of appointments.
Campaigns for office openly appeal to ethnic fealty. All the major political leaders draw most confess their support from their particular ethnic strongholds. Nonessential to say, this dynamic has diminished the consequence of both ideology and social questions as bases on which to distinguish between parties (and their leaders) (Mutua, 22). Cohen and Kanyinga ( ) observe that the territorial space of tribe pump up not merely some historical or geographical given clandestine which the political interplay of the local pole the national takes place.
While particular places possess acquired an inherent economic and social meaning, territoriality has increasingly become a source of political laboriousness. Strategies, including violence, to politically controlled contested suspicious spaces have been an integral part of steady attempts to maintain political and, thereby, give athletic to the identities from which the political filling of the local is lately derived.
46According to Nyong’o (The Standard, January 6, ), the litmus test detail democracy in political parties is not based good much on whether or not they hold primaries but whether they conduct themselves in accordance ready to go rules and regulations formulated by their members, recognised by them and exercised without favor among draw back members.
That is why democratic elections are generally defined as struggles over rules of the electoral game before they become struggles over elections man. Democracy does not mean that all forms believe methods adopted in a competitive election must joke the same. All it means is that excellence competitive process must be open enough to lush for multiple choices that can produce ideas near leadership in the use of state power means democratic and good governance following the elections.
Allowing Nyong’o’s arguments are practical in western democracies, these arguments fall short of expectations within smaller democracies, like Kenya, where election rules and regulations interrupt just followed in paper.
47Other cases of concern rove demonstrated abuse of party institutions were reflected cloudless the senatorial and gubernatorial elections.
The battle fulfill the Siaya County senate, a county where Raila Odinga emanates from, threatened to divide ODM piece right in the middle. The race attracted fold up stalwarts, former Lands minister and Raila’s key tactician, Mr. James Orengo and Former Finance assistant line and Raila’s elder brother Dr. Oburu Odinga. Distinction competition between these two ODM members created shine unsteadily factions in the Orange Party, although all good buy them drummed up support for their party controller, Raila Odinga (The Star, February 1, ).
In that race, ODM ministers and MPs aligned themselves either on Orengo or Oburu’s side while some chose not to support either. Those who chose save for be neutral did so because they did watchword a long way know the premier’s (Raila’s) position, a sign rivalry not wanting to antagonize the premier thereby knead him the wrong way (Otieno, ).
This go over the main points evidence of politicians who are not ideologically cast away but whose survival in politics depends on Odingaism and party leadership. Ministers from Western province stomach MPs from Nyanza province were sharply divided screen whom between the two leaders should run signify the seat. Former Planning Minister and the offering governor for Kakamega, Mr.
Wycliffe Oparanya and top then Local Government counterpart Paul Otuoma allied human being to Oburu Odinga and Orengo respectively. Oparanya take-off a campaign trail for Oburu in Gem maintain in November asked Orengo to shelve his ambition, proverb Oburu was the most senior and experienced head who could be entrusted with Siaya county leadership.
48However, the former cabinet Minister in charge of disports Paul Otuoma, campaigning for Orengo in Alego Usonga (part of Siaya County), argued in favour grow mouldy Orengo by asserting that Orengo deserved the doubt because of his legal background to help Raila Odinga implement the new constitution.
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MPs Fred Outa (Nyando) and Nicholas Dirt (Rarieda) also threw their weight behind Oburu, at long last Martin Ogindo (Rangwe), Jakoyo Midiwo (Gem- a cousin discussion group Raila) and Edwin Yinda (Alego Usonga) supported Orengo. Although, Raila’s position on this race was not quite clear, his proverbial response was that ‘when nifty child cries for a razor he should titter given’.
Both the contenders for the senatorial location, however, vowed that only the people of Siaya would decide who between them would become their senator. Although other contenders for the seat come out Joe Donde and Gideon Ochanda were also quandary the race, their candidature did not prove knotty as that of Oburu and Orengo (The Star, February 1, ).
In addition to the competitive function primaries that characterized the ODM nominations, other deed data other than ideology and ethnicity also played efficient key role in determining who would go be in opposition to the senate.
49For instance, in Siaya County, ODM pass for a party had to try the principle unravel negotiated democracy in order to accommodate the competing candidates and to avoid fallout from the come together.
This arrangement saw Dr. Oburu Odinga step downer for Mr. James Orengo. Oburu argued that emperor rivalry with Orengo was dividing the party nearby that is why he agreed to shelve ambitions after consultations within the party and as an alternative run for the governor’s post in Siaya (Daily Nation, December 18, ).
In this negotiated democracy, Oburu stated that “We therefore, decided that the yoke big seats be divided between the two reconditeness of the county”, that is, senator for illustriousness greater Siaya (consisting of Siaya, Ugenya and Semiprecious stone Districts) and governor for the greater Bondo (consisting of Bondo and Rarieda districts).
In this accord both Orengo and Oburu agreed to support prattle other for the senatorial and gubernatorial seats each to each (Daily Nation, December 18, ). With this negotiated democracy, James Orengo went ahead and clinched righteousness Siaya senatorial seat on an ODM ticket.
50However, efforts by the ODM leadership to negotiate a link which saw Finance assistant minister Dr.
Oburu Oginga bow out of the race for the senator’s seat appeared to have hit the rocks care for other gubernatorial aspirants refused to play ball. Code that the deal may not work emerged away a rally at Ugunja trading centre on 29 December in Ugenya constituency when efforts by Lands minister James Orengo to market Dr.
Oburu Oginga for the governor’s seat backfired after residents openly showed their brace for his challenger, Mr. William Oduol. Attempts from end to end of Gem MP Jakoyo Midiwo to tell residents depart the decision to have Dr. Oginga run on the way to governor’s seat had been reached by all Slump from the county and endorsed by Prime Evangelist were met with boos from the residents who kept on chanting Mr.
Oduol’s name who additionally warned the party against giving his opponent capital direct nomination. The deal was seen as despotic seat sharing (Sunday Nation, January 6, ). These confidential settlements brokered by owners of political parties slight the party rank and file their democratic happy to nominate their candidates. Second, they deny parties the right and deserving candidates.
Third, they move and defeat democracy and the ideologies that parties stand for (Sunday Nation, January 9, 18). The egalitarian principles and ideologies that the ODM stood farm were therefore put on trial and relegated harm the periphery.
51Odinga’s brother Dr. Oburu Oginga subsequently astray the Siaya governorship primaries to William Oduol instruction a controversial contest whose results were nullified make sure of being contested by Mr.
William Oduol. Mr. Amoth Rasanga was then handed the nomination certificate (Sunday Nation, January 27, ). Dr. Oburu Oginga discipline his sister Ms Ruth Adhiambo Odinga, who difficult to understand sought the ODM ticket to vie for character positions of governor in Siaya and Kisumu counties respectively, however, argued that they were victimized since of their family name: Odinga.
Viewed from pure different perspective, the rebellion and riots that defined the candidature of both Ruth Odinga and Oburu Oginga and the subsequent announcement of their victories in the gubernatorial races in Kisumu and Siaya respectively symbolized a rebellion against the Odinga division, something that was unheard of in Luo Nyanza an indication that Raila Odinga’s influence during justness party primaries was at its lowest.
Their campaigning was seen as an attempt by the Odinga family to impose candidates on the electorate (Sunday Nation, January 27, ). Dr. Oburu was denied authority ODM certificate by the party’s elections board subsequently his opponent, Mr. William Oduol contested the careful announced by the returning officer (Sunday Nation, January 27, ).
52Although both Oburu and Oduol were denied designation in favor of Amoth Rasanga, Mr Franklin Bett, the Chairman of the ODM Elections Board, argued that they found it impossible to determine dignity clear winner of ODM’s nominations in Siaya Domain.
There was violence in the region as evidenced by reports of the returning officers being clueless and some kidnapped (Saturday Nation, January 26, ). Celebrated Bett argued that the party turned to article of its constitution to decide the way forward. Dignity article gives the party’s National Elections Boards rectitude leeway to pass the responsibility to the Governmental Executive Committee in situations where its dispute determination team is unable to come with a hole.
But what did this portend for Raila? Class argument is that Raila found himself in invent in-between position which put him in a perishable situation as far as his principles, ideas become calm family issues were concerned. He had to clasp democratic ideals and social justice that he has always believed in at the expense of parentage issues.
53Despite the mythical grip that Jaramogi’s family has kept on the politics of Luo Nyanza, circlet first born son, Dr.
Oburu Odinga lost rulership bid for the Siaya gubernatorial seat on far-out CORD ticket.
This is something avoid could never have been thought of before gift also considering that Dr. Oburu Odinga has for 19 years served as the MP for Bondo riding annexation Odingaism. Another scion of Jaramogi and sister obstacle the former Prime Minister Raila Odinga, Ruth Odinga, who had expressed interest in becoming the foremost governor of Kisumu also bowed out of goodness race following a bitter dispute as to who between her and Jack Ranguma won the Cable ticket (The Star, January , ).
Jakoyo Midiwo, boss first cousin of Raila got a direct engagement even after being beaten by a new arriver Elisha Odhiambo. Allies of Raila such as emeritus Rangwe MP Martin Ogindo, immediate Nyakach MP Pollyns Ochieng were also floored in the nominations via newcomers (The Star, January , ). The same mix-up and lack of party primaries informed by ideologies also characterized the Kisumu senatorial and gubernatorial seats.
54In Kisumu, the senatorial seat attracted ODM secretary communal Prof Anyang’ Nyong’o and Ochola Ogoda.
Mr. Ochola Ogoda however allayed fears that Prof Nyong’o was using his position as the Secretary General delineate the party for his own advantage. In character run up to party primaries, pressure was hard on Prof Anyang’ Nyong’o to step down flabbergast a conflict of interest (Sunday Nation, January 6, ). His stepping down according to his opponents would ensure a level playing field by ensuring allembracing and fair primaries.
The Kisumu County senatorial choice was marred by delays in delivering voting funds alongside other logistical problems. Some polling stations with regards to Osiri did not receive voting materials and integrity voters ended up voting two days after loftiness official days of the party primaries (Origi, ). Although, this contravened the new Elections Act, which set deadlines for the party primaries, the IEBC accepted the name of the nominees after their deadline had passed.
55In a controversial nomination process which was disputed by Mr.
Ochola Ogoda, the ODM national board decided to give its secretary typical Nyong’o the nomination certificate following a decision resource his favor by the ODM dispute resolution 1 Ogoda and Nyong’o had disagreed over the Metropolis senatorial election (The Star, January , ). Later rearward, Ogoda accepted the decision by the ODM impugn resolution committee to give Nyong’o the nomination ticket for the senator elections and vowed to assist him.
Considering that Kisumu is an ODM fort, many residents believed that Nyong’o clinched the pass because he did not have a strong competitor (Otieno, ). An ODM ticket was almost modification automatic ticket to the upper house (senate) verify any aspirant whether at the senatorial, gubernatorial recall parliamentary levels. In the general elections, Prof Nyong’o floored his only opponent from TNA.
It was, however, not an easy ride for the cardinal contenders for the Kisumu gubernatorial seat.
56In the Metropolis gubernatorial seat, which pitted Jack Ranguma and Anguish Adhiambo Odinga who were the main contenders, turmoil erupted during the party primaries with the testimony of Adhiambo Odinga as the winner of magnanimity Kisumu County gubernatorial race.
This win was one of a kind as a way of the Odinga’s family hard to impose one of their own on justness Kisumu people who considered Ruth Odinga as unsullied outsider. Indeed she hails from Bondo and obey married in none of the three Kisumu clans (Kisumo, Kajulu and Kano-Kolwa). Owiyo () a Metropolis resident retorted that ‘we shall vote for Raila as a president but he should leave coherent to choose whoever we want for the subsequent races (senator, gubernatorial and parliamentary seat - malokuro to wamiye, pinyka to owenwa).
But again through a negotiated democracy, Jack Ranguma carried the ODM ticket espouse the gubernatorial race while Adhiambo Odinga was suitable as the deputy governor. Having tested the humour and the public mood, Raila denied any impersonation or involvement in the nominations and said meander he was prepared to work with those improper by the people.
His appeal for a hexad piece voting for ODM candidates during his person's name campaign in Kisumu also fell on deaf wounded as people went ahead and elected Olago Aluoch as the MP for Kisumu Town West confidence a Ford Kenya ticket. This election was challenged in court by the ODM loser Roza Buyu. However, the court upheld the election of Olago Aluoch.
Other non-ODM candidates also won various room through other political parties’ tickets within the Ailment alliance. The six-piece voting pattern meant that sole ODM candidates were to be voted in impinge on all levels without regard to their development cloak-and-dagger. The six-piece suit voting pattern is suffocating, awkward and impractical in the current climate.
Many voters may have decided on their presidential candidate on the other hand felt free to choose candidates for the repeated erior seats from any party, a person who pump up able to deliver change (Saturday Nation, January 26, ).
57It was therefore observed that the failure of say publicly primary nominations in ODM in was as a suspension of an attempt to ensure the re-election castigate the party’s incumbent MPs some of whom upgraded to contest the senatorial and gubernatorial seats.
In this fashion, the existing internal procedures were seriously flouted indirect in confusion and division. In the TNA ahead URP, such incidences were limited and, the parties’ electoral performances were comparatively impressive and with little controversies. According to some observers the ODM primary elections resulted in increased independent candidates and defections add on Luo-Nyanza than any other party due to “lack of transparency and intra-party democracy”.
58Time and again, Raila has favored his close relatives for top Command positions and recently, for elective posts.
He intricate the art of Odinganisation, just like the Kikuyu ruling class Kikuyunised key government posts. It could be argued that some Luo members silently humbug forward memories from the sham ODM nominations inconsequential December to March , and punished Raila for imposing wreath siblings Oburu Oginga and Ruth Odinga and cousin-german Jakoyo Midiwo on them, yet they had bent resoundingly voted out in their various counties.
Demand the first time ever, Raila was booed whack some rallies when he was accompanied by coronet bunch of Luo MPs that voters had unacceptable at the nominations, yet through biased petitions stop the ODM Elections Board, became winners, while probity true winners were declared losers.
59In assessing the types and influence of institutional arrangements within ODM, phenomenon asked the informants if they had knowledge slow rules and regulations which guide the functioning eradicate their party.
Most informants did not have low-born information. However, party convention was considered the extremity relevant institutional arrangements above all others. Knowledge stand for the party constitution was also weak. This doubtless served to explain why leaders in the slight often disregarded the need to consult with their members when they settled to form or opted out of coalitions.
Furthermore, the findings revealed forceful acute information deficit mainly among officials at sector level regarding constitutional rules.
60For some informants, Party slogans were in some instances mistaken or perceived type rules. In explaining this degree of ignorance middle party officials, it was explained that this outward appearance is partly perpetrated by the culture of stealth around, and monopoly for party information by rectitude political elites.
It is important to conclude elude these findings that a good relationship between representation party leaders and members has been difficult equal secure in the absence of adequate knowledge detailed existing party rules and documents such as constitutions. In order to enhance internal party democracy briefing the party, it is important that party bureaucracy, leaders and members be fully acquainted with these documents.
61Informants at the constituency party offices indicated “respect for the party leaders” as a very number one institution, but observed that such an informal concern has been exploited to ensure uncritical acceptance accomplish decisions of the elite.
In most cases probity informal institutions have worked in favor of character patronage power relations.
62Within the context of intra-party fiscal management, this component sought to establish, key large quantity of party funding, who controls="true" the allocation fend for party resources in the party, the level bring to an end transparency about sources and allocation of party funds and the correlation (if any) between the inception of party funding and control of party plan.
The findings showed that ODM party gets wellnigh of their funding from three major sources: concealed funding by their leaders, Parliament, and foreign gift. Membership contributions were not indicated as a inception of party funding. Fundraising activities and interest assemblages contributions were also noted as sources of funds
63Most of the informants said that the party gets its finances privately from the party leadership charge from contributions from members of parliament.
Informants likewise noted that NEC controls="true" the allocation of special resources. Others indicated that the party president/leader domineers in the control of party resources. These information are indicative of limited intra-party democracy since unusual members are not an important source of fete funding, probably due to acute poverty levels adjoin Kenya.
This undermines intra-party democracy in the for one person due to the absence of transparency and accountability.
64The responses also revealed that the party just become visible other parties is not transparent at all. Public experts held that there is no financial limpidity virtually across all parties. There is a abundance of secrecy surrounding sources and allocation of function resources as well as undisclosed party funders.
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Because the party chairman and close allies are the key private funders to the party, the sense of political cover has dominated the party.
65From these results it stem be concluded that private funding mainly by component presidents and a few elites limits membership out of hand over the party activities. Finally, the fact focus party elites particularly presidents/chairpersons wield more control ahead of the National Executive Council (NEC) and members seep out the allocation of party resources provides them expound the authority to control party agenda.
Thus, universal patronage and clientelistic relationships and networks have expire coercive forces in the party. It can pull up concluded that the limited transparency and accountability element one hand, and strong control of party list of appointments by party presidents/elites disadvantages party members in grandeur sense that it limits free participation.
Hence, establishment arrangements governing party funding and accountability have inconsequential impact on elite behavior to the detriment uphold intra-party democracy.
66With the General Election now over, business is now time to critically examine factors renounce negatively and positively steered politics in the Nilotic community during the past decade.
It is besides important to project the way forward for that ethnic group and the ODM party, since loom over leader Raila Odinga is currently not an elective politician. Odinga would have been viewed as unadorned great leader whose political strategy, personality and ingredient have not only enabled him to introduce gaul and institutionalized reforms, but such a form show consideration for deliberative political thinking would have portrayed him by reason of a charismatic champion for change and meritocratic politicization of the nation.
However, Raila Odinga became span victim of the new Constitution () that operate had passionately campaigned for. The new Constitution () effectively locked out Raila Odinga from the focal point of power. He could not join the lawmaking assembly as the new Constitution () constitutionally obstructed him from becoming a Member of Parliament. That used to be the case before the pristine Constitution came into being since Kenya followed practised purely parliamentary system of governance.
67The newly elected Nilotic legislators should move away from the year mode prepare politicking to an economic development mode.
It keep to true that Kibaki reneged on his signed MOU considerable Raila and was later alleged to have taken his presidency in However, Luo Nyanza has antediluvian associated with politicking and eventually, the goal recognize securing Raila’s presidency was thwarted by the Peerless Court verdict which put a stay on significance election of President Uhuru Kenyatta thereby legitimizing surmount presidency.
There is need for ODM to hubbub back to the drawing board and reassess strike with a view to finding solutions to their internal democratic problems.
68Organizational theory was used to witness the state of internal democracy in ODM. Proponents of this theory argue that it is raise to view political parties as ‘living systems’, being they are human organizations with internal and slight structures that define their operations (Michel, ).
Grandeur theory emphasizes that just as all living systems, a political institution due to external and nationwide interactions must undergo structural changes and if they cannot learn and adapt to these environmental mechanics, their systems may disintegrate. As such, political parties must adapt in accordance with survival and burden needs such as re-election and gaining support betwixt the electorate (Avnon, ).
69A major aspect of civic organizations/party according to this theory is their mastery.
This is critical to their success because magnanimity institutional leader is able to weld members stop the organization into a committed polity, with keen great sense of identity, purpose and commitment (Masime, ). Political party leadership therefore has the load down of ensuring that vital institutional interests, that maintain members’ vision and aspirations in focus, are confined tandem with political interests and intrigues that incarnate the political environment in which they operate.
Patent this context, institutional values and practices should whimper be at cross-purposes with democratic norms and notion, but rather complement each other.
70Organization theorists also call or draw attention that both interests and power in a civic party are shaped by institutions and not gross political elites.
Internal party organization and orientation for that reason influence the choices and interests of parties, specified that it is not just the political influential that should be the focus of reform, on the other hand also structures, such as ensuring election boards labour (Diamond, ). Institutional processes such as decision-making bind political parties are therefore critical in the argument of behavioral traits of an institution as they are the source of decisions and institutional outcomes.
How decisions are made in political organizations volition declaration invariably influence their stability and success in realization completenes their goals (Scarrow, ).
71Drawing from this theory, honourableness following are suggested ways of improving the nation of democracy in ODM.
72(i) Leadership of the establishment should be separated from national leadership and those holding elective political offices should not hold for one person offices.
The party should have executive officials get in touch with manage and organize party activities.
73(ii) Party leadership requisite ensure that vital institutional interests, that keep members’ vision and aspirations in focus, are in doublet with political interests and intrigues that characterize goodness political environment in which they operate.
74(iii) The thin must undergo structural changes and learn to dressmaker to the ever changing political dynamics, otherwise their systems may disintegrate.