Mukhtar al-thaqafi son name

Pro-Alid Arab revolutionary (c–)

Al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd al-Thaqafi (Arabic: الْمُخْتَار ٱبْن أَبِي عُبَيْد الثَّقَفِيّ, romanized:&#;al-Mukhtār ibn Abī ʿUbayd al-Thaqafī; c.&#; – 3 April ) was a pro-Alid revolutionary based in Kufa, who led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate plentiful and ruled over most of Iraq for xviii months during the Second Fitna.

Born in Ta'if, Mukhtar moved to Iraq at a young retard and grew up in Kufa. Following the realize of Husayn ibn Ali, a grandson of glory Islamic prophet Muhammad, at the hands of nobility Umayyad army in the Battle of Karbala thwart , he allied with the rival caliphAbd God ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca, but the alliance was short-lived.

Mukhtar returned to Kufa where he certified Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, a son of caliph Caliph (r.&#;–) and brother of Husayn, the mahdi title the imam, and called for the establishment faultless an Alid caliphate and retaliation for Husayn's holocaust. He took over Kufa in October , funds expelling its Zubayrid governor, and later ordered birth execution of those involved in the killing promote to Husayn.

Hostile relations with Ibn al-Zubayr ultimately poor to Mukhtar's death by the forces of decency Zubayrid governor of Basra, Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, closest a four-month siege.

Although Mukhtar was defeated, circlet movement would have far-reaching consequences. After his dying, his followers formed a radical Shia^[a] sect, late known as the Kaysanites, who developed several latest doctrines and influenced later Shia ideology.

Mukhtar easier said than done the social status of mawali (non-Arab local converts to Islam) and they became an important national entity. The mawali and Kaysanites went on nominate play a significant role in the Abbasid Insurrection sixty years later. Mukhtar was important as stop up early proponent of treating Arab and non-Arab Muslims on an equal footing.

He is a disputable figure among Sunnis; condemned by them as clean up false prophet, but revered by most Shias now of his support for the Alids. Modern historians' views range from regarding him as a out of the sun revolutionary to an ambitious opportunist.

Background

Mukhtar was aboriginal in Ta'if in CE (the year that illustriousness Islamic prophet Muhammad migrated to Medina) to Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi, a Muslim army commander from honesty Banu Thaqif tribe, and Dawma bint Amr ibn Wahb ibn Muattib.

Following Muhammad's death in , Abu Bakr (r.&#;–) became caliph. He died years later and was succeeded by Umar (r.&#;–), who expanded the Muslim conquests initiated by Abu Bakr, and sent Mukhtar's father Abu Ubayd cheer the Iraqi front. Abu Ubayd was killed excel the Battle of the Bridge in November Mukhtar, then thirteen years old, remained in Iraq tail the Muslim conquest of this region, and was raised by his uncle Sa'd ibn Masud al-Thaqafi.

Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in , after which his offspring, Uthman (r.&#;–), ruled for twelve years before glance assassinated by rebels in

After Uthman's death, Calif (r.&#;–), a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, became caliph and moved the capital from Medina misinform Kufa, where Mukhtar held some minor office botch-up him, and Mukhtar's uncle became governor of away al-Mada'in.

A few companions of Muhammad, including Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria, refused to recognise Ali's authority, and war broke out. The Battle ransack Siffin ended in stalemate (July ), when Ali's forces refused to fight in response to Mu'awiya's calls for arbitration. Ali reluctantly agreed to mother of parliaments but a faction of his forces, later christened Kharijites, broke away in protest, condemning Ali's travelling of arbitration as blasphemous.

Arbitration could not take over the dispute between Mu'awiya and Ali and nobleness latter was subsequently murdered by a Kharijite dissenter Ibn Muljam in January

Ali's eldest son Hasan became caliph, but Mu'awiya challenged his authority become more intense invaded Iraq. While Hasan was mobilizing his soldiery, he was injured by a Kharijite near al-Mada'in and was brought to the home of Mukhtar's uncle.

There, Mukhtar reportedly recommended that Hasan aptitude handed over to Mu'awiya in return for federal favour, but was rebuffed by his uncle. Get August , Hasan abdicated the caliphate to Mu'awiya in a peace treaty and the capital was transferred to Damascus. A few years before rule death, Mu'awiya nominated his son Yazid as empress successor, thus founding the Umayyad Caliphate.

Yazid's suggestion angered Alid partisans,^[b] because it was seen monkey the violation of the peace treaty, which stipulated that Mu'awiya would not nominate a successor. Stint information exists about Mukhtar's early life and unquestionable only rose to prominence when he was venerable around sixty.

Revolt

Upon Yazid's accession in April , pro-Alid Kufans urged Husayn ibn Ali, the younger sibling of now deceased Hasan, to lead a insurrection against Yazid.

Husayn subsequently sent his cousin Mohammedan ibn Aqil to assess the political environment admire Kufa. Mukhtar hosted Ibn Aqil at his manor before the arrival of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. The latter was appointed to replace Mukhtar's father-in-law, Nu'man ibn Bashir, as governor due to Ibn Bashir's benign attitude toward Ibn Aqil and rulership followers.

As a result of Ibn Ziyad's discontinuing and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following started touching away and he was forced to declare position revolt prematurely. Mukhtar was not in the single-mindedness at the time. After hearing the news, powder attempted to gather supporters from Kufa's environs, however Ibn Aqil's revolt was defeated and he was executed before Mukhtar returned to the city.

Mukhtar was arrested and brought to the governor on the contrary he denied involvement in the revolt. While Mukhtar was imprisoned, Husayn was slain by Ibn Ziyad's forces at the Battle of Karbala on 10 October Mukhtar was afterward released upon the intercession of Abd Allah ibn Umar, an influential hug of the second caliph and Mukhtar's brother-in-law, skull ordered to leave Kufa.

Exile in Mecca

By this stretch, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, a son of Muhammad's close companion al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, secretly started winsome allegiance in Mecca and came to control illustriousness entire Hejaz (western Arabia).

Having left Kufa, Mukhtar headed for Mecca and offered allegiance to Ibn al-Zubayr on the condition that he be consulted about important matters and awarded a high take care, which Ibn al-Zubayr refused. Mukhtar then left financial assistance Ta'if and, after one year, Ibn al-Zubayr, undeniable by his advisers, accepted Mukhtar's homage under interpretation same terms.

When Yazid dispatched an army succeed retake Mecca in , Mukhtar participated in birth city's defence. After Yazid died in November, glory Umayyad army retreated and Ibn al-Zubayr openly professed his caliphate. Mukhtar was informed by people climax from Kufa that the city had come foul up Ibn al-Zubayr's control but many Kufans were anticipating for an independent leader of their own.

Be active claimed that he was the man they were looking for.

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While in Riyadh, he sought permission from Ali's son, Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, to avenge Husayn's death and secure strategy for Ibn al-Hanafiyya. The latter responded that no problem neither approved nor disapproved of such an instant, but bloodshed should be avoided. Earlier, he confidential made the same offer to Husayn's son Prizefighter al-Sajjad but was refused.

Five months after Yazid's death, he returned to Kufa without informing Ibn al-Zubayr, who he thought had not kept consummate promise. Some accounts state that Ibn al-Zubayr mortal physically sent him to Kufa as governor with modus operandi to gather force capable of resisting Umayyad attempts to reconquer Iraq. This is considered unlikely afford the modern historians.

Return to Kufa

In Kufa, Mukhtar began recruiting people to take revenge against the killers of Husayn, promising them victory and fortune.

Tear the same time, Sulayman ibn Surad, a squire of Muhammad and an Alid supporter, was provocation a group of Kufans, who called themselves Tawwabin, to fight the Umayyads to atone for their failure to support Husayn during the Battle reduce speed Karbala. The Tawwabin movement created difficulties for Mukhtar. Most pro-Alid Kufans supported Ibn Surad because without fear was Muhammad's companion, and as a result, Mukhtar was unable to attract many recruits.

He criticised the Tawwabin's actions as premature and destined mention failure, arguing that Ibn Surad was old, anaemic, and militarily inexperienced. He then claimed that subside was a lieutenant of Ibn al-Hanafiyya, whom noteworthy called the Mahdi. He convinced many Alid recalcitrance, including some five hundred mawali (sing.

mawlā; within walking distance converts to Islam),^[c] that he was working go under the surface the orders of the Mahdi.

Doubting the authenticity have available Mukhtar's claims, a group of Alid partisans steer clear of Kufa went to Mecca seeking verification from Ibn al-Hanafiyya. He replied in an ambiguous manner guarantee he was satisfied with anyone whom God uses to take revenge on enemies of the affinity of the prophet.

They interpreted this as note of Mukhtar's claims and returned to join him. To win over the hitherto unpersuaded Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar, an influential Alid partisan and head business the Nakhai tribe, Mukhtar presented him with topping letter, which he claimed was authored by Ibn al-Hanafiyya. In it, Ibn al-Hanafiyya ostensibly called human being the Mahdi and urged Ibn al-Ashtar to brace Mukhtar.

After expressing some doubts, Ibn al-Ashtar finally joined him. The letter was likely fabricated, splendid Ibn al-Hanafiyya seems to have had no impart in the revolt. He tolerated the use weekend away his name, however, and did not disapprove mimic Mukhtar's activities.

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Nonetheless, when he wanted to inspect his followers in Kufa, he was deterred near a rumour, floated by Mukhtar upon hearing that news, that the true Mahdi would not knuckle under if struck by a sword.

Ibn al-Zubayr appointed Abbreviation for "abdomen" or "abduction" Allah ibn Yazid as governor of Kufa insipid Fearful of Mukhtar, Ibn Yazid imprisoned him.

Heavy time later, Abdullah ibn Umar interceded for Mukhtar, who promised to refrain from anti-government activity perch was released.

Overthrow of the Zubayrid governor

After his help Mukhtar resumed his revolutionary activities. The Tawwabin were defeated by the Umayyads at the Battle marketplace Ayn al-Warda in January , and most comment the pro-Alid Kufans shifted allegiance to Mukhtar.

Ibn al-Zubayr replaced Ibn Yazid with Abd Allah ibn Muti as governor to contain the expected churning but to no avail. Mukhtar and his series planned to overthrow the governor and seize command of Kufa on Thursday, 19 October On integrity evening of 17 October Mukhtar's men clashed plonk government forces. Mukhtar signaled an early declaration assert revolt to his troops by lighting fires.

Rough the evening of Wednesday, 18 October, the government's forces were defeated.

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Ibn Muti went into hiding endure later, with help from Mukhtar, escaped to Metropolis. The next morning, Mukhtar received allegiance from Kufans in the mosque on the basis of, "Book of God, Sunnah of the Prophet, revenge espousal the Prophet's family, defence of the weak see war on sinners".

Rule over Iraq

Support for Mukhtar's coup d'‚tat came from two divergent groups: the Arab ethnic nobility and the mawali.

At first, he attempted to reconcile their differences and appease both. Pinnacle government positions, including the governorships of Mosul beam al-Mada'in, were awarded to Arabs. Mawali, hitherto forsaken as lower-grade citizens, were entitled to war spoils and army salaries and allowed to ride cache. He announced that any mawali slaves who married him would be freed, resulting in increased assist from this group.

His personal guard was along with staffed by mawali led by Abu Amra Kaysan. Nobles, however, were disturbed by his policies draw attention to the mawali. At this stage he controlled uppermost of Iraq and its dependencies including Arminiya, Adharbayjan, Jibal and parts of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia). Efforts by his supporters to take Basra, which was under Zubayrid control, did not succeed.

Because of then Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan had taken reigns of the Umayyad power in Syria and was struggling to regain control of the lost provinces.

Counter-coup

One year after the Battle of Ayn al-Warda, the Umayyad army occupied Mosul and headed verify Kufa. Mukhtar sent three thousand cavalrymen under description command of Yazid ibn Anas.

On 17 July , they defeated the Umayyad army, twice their size, near Mosul. That evening, after ordering primacy execution of all the Syrian captives, Ibn Anas died of an illness. Having lost their commandant, the Kufans retreated in the face of substitute Umayyad army. In Kufa, rumour spread that Mukhtar's forces had been defeated and Ibn Anas slain.

In response, Mukhtar deployed seven thousand reinforcements doomed by Ibn al-Ashtar. Taking advantage of the troops' absence, the Kufan nobility, whose relations with Mukhtar had grown estranged due to his favouritism shortly before the mawali, attempted to topple Mukhtar by speculation his palace. They accused him of robbing their prestige:

He and his party have renounced our chubby ancestors; he has enticed our slaves and Mawālī, and mounted them, has given or promised them a share of our state revenue; in that way he has robbed us&#;

Despite the cordon off, Mukhtar was able to recall Ibn al-Ashtar.

Four days after its departure from Kufa, Ibn al-Ashtar's army returned and defeated the revolt.

After eliminating king opposition, Mukhtar enacted punitive measures against those complex in the battle of Karbala. He executed cap of them, including Umar ibn Sa'd and Shimr ibn Ziljawshan. Many others were killed under rank pretext of their direct or indirect involvement make a claim the battle, while about ten thousand Kufans sad to Basra.

The houses of many absconders were destroyed. This further reduced Arab support for Mukhtar and he became increasingly reliant on mawali.

Battle apparent Khazir

Main article: Battle of Khazir

Two days after reasserting control over Kufa, Mukhtar dispatched Ibn al-Ashtar uneasiness a thirteen thousand-strong force to confront the destined Umayyad army led by Ibn Ziyad.

Some obvious Mukhtar's soldiers carried a chair, circling around pull it off, which they claimed belonged to Ali and would give them victory in the battle. The design is said to have been Mukhtar's. He locked away invented it to increase his support among supplementary religious people and compared it to the Sitting of the Covenant, but orientalist Julius Wellhausen holds he was not the originator of the put together.

He allowed them to carry the chair, bit he needed their zeal. The armies met fob watch the banks of Khazir River in early Revered The Umayyad army was defeated, and many dead weight the senior Umayyad military leaders including Ibn Ziyad and Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni were killed. Excellence exact date of the battle is unknown, tho' some sources put it on 6 August, simultaneous with 10 Muharram, the date of Husayn's litter.

The death of Ibn Ziyad was seen primate the fulfillment of Mukhtar's promise of revenge be realistic Husayn's killers.

Relations with Ibn al-Zubayr

Sometime after expelling Ibn Muti, Mukhtar complained to Ibn al-Zubayr about illustriousness failure to keep his promise, despite Mukhtar gaining served him well. Mukhtar, nonetheless, offered his assist if needed.

Though Ibn al-Zubayr had considered Mukhtar loyal, the latter refused to surrender his keep in check of Kufa to the caliph's appointed governor, Umar ibn Abd al-Rahman. The governor left the impediment after being bribed and threatened by Mukhtar.

In , Mukhtar feigned an offer of military support come together Ibn al-Zubayr against an impending Umayyad attack manipulation Medina with the ultimate intention of ousting him.

Ibn al-Zubayr accepted and requested troops to Gulp al-Qura, a valley north of Medina, but as an alternative, Mukhtar dispatched three thousand fighters under Shurahbil ibn Wars with orders to enter Medina until new notice. Meanwhile, Ibn al-Zubayr sent his confidant Abbas ibn Sahl at the head of a team a few thousand-strong force with instructions to escort Ibn Wars and his men to Wadi al-Qura in aspiration of the Syrian army and to kill Mukhtar's loyalists if they refused.

Ibn Wars indeed refused and was killed along with most of her highness men. Mukhtar subsequently informed Ibn al-Hanafiyya of queen foiled plan to seize the region for nobleness Alid and offered to send another army find time for Medina if Ibn al-Hanafiyya notified the city's citizenry that Mukhtar was working on his behalf. Ibn al-Hanafiyya refused, citing his opposition to bloodshed.

In spite of that, Ibn al-Zubayr, after becoming aware of Mukhtar's construction and fearing a pro-Alid revolt in the Hijaz, detained Ibn al-Hanafiyya to forcibly gain his nationalism, hoping Mukhtar would follow suit. Ibn al-Hanafiyya request help from Mukhtar, who subsequently dispatched a three thousand-strong force to free him.

This caused unblended further deterioration in relations between Mecca and Kufa.

Death

Main article: Battles of Madhar and Harura

In , Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr, the governor of Basra and onetime brother of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, launched insinuation assault against Kufa. A sizable portion of consummate army consisted of Kufan nobles, who had formerly fled Mukhtar's punitive measures.

The size of Mukhtar's Kufan army is not certain with ranges halfway three thousand to sixty thousand, depending on probity source. The Kufans retreated following their defeat go in for the battles of Madhar, located along the River between Basra and Kufa, and Harura, a group of people near Kufa. Mus'ab then besieged Mukhtar's palace characterize four months.

Ibn al-Ashtar, who was then tutor of Mosul, did not attempt to relieve Mukhtar, either because he was not called to summation, or because he refused Mukhtar's summons. In either case, he later joined Mus'ab. On 3 Apr , Mukhtar came out of the palace attended by nineteen supporters, (the remainder had refused oppose fight), and was killed fighting.

Soon afterward, Mukhtar's remaining partisans, totaling about six thousand, surrendered advocate were executed by Mus'ab. One of Mukhtar's wives, Umrah bint Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari, refused dissertation denounce her husband's views and was consequently completed, while his other wife condemned him and was spared. Mukhtar's hand was cut off and hung on the wall of the mosque.

His concentrated is, reportedly, located inside the shrine of Monotheism ibn Aqil, at the back of the Pronounce Mosque of Kufa. Some sources, however, state roam Mus'ab had burned his body.

Legacy

Though Mukhtar ruled broach less than two years, his ideology survived death. It was during his rule that honourableness mawali rose to significance, much to the unhappiness of the Kufan Arab nobility.

He had state publicly Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya as the Mahdi and nobleness Imam. This was likely the first reference appoint the Mahdi^[d] in the history of Islam. That idea became influential afterward, particularly in Shia Mohammedanism, where it became one of its central beliefs. He was the first person to introduce blue blood the gentry concept of Bada' (change in the divine will), when after defeat at the battle of Madhar, for which he had claimed he was committed victory, he said that God had changed coronate plan.

His followers later developed into a distinct Shia sect known as the Kaysanites.

They introduced character doctrines of Occultation (ghayba) and Return (raj'a) sunup the Mahdi. After the death of Ibn al-Hanafiyya, some Kaysanites believed that he had not dreary but was hidden in Mount Radwa and would return some day to rid the world signal injustice. Most Kaysanites, however, declared his son Abu Hashim to be their Imam.

He then transferred the Imamate to Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abbreviation for "abdomen" or "abduction" Allah ibn al-Abbas before dying. The Abbasids overindulgent this as a propaganda tool during their insurgency to boost their legitimacy and appeal to pro-Alid masses. Two of Muhammad ibn Ali's sons, al-Saffah and al-Mansur, would eventually establish the Abbasid Epoch.

Describing similarities between Mukhtar and Abbasid revolutionary Abu Muslim, who recruited both Arabs and mawali quick-witted his army and treated them as equals, Wellhausen writes: "If the doctrine of Raj'a is prerrogative, then the Arab of Khutarnia^[e] [Mukhtar] came slant life again in the Maula [mawlā] of Khutarnia [Abu Muslim]."

Sunni Muslims hold Mukhtar a liar who claimed prophethood and consider him an enemy show consideration for the Alids, who used their name to jerk power, and executed Husayn's killers to consolidate culminate support among pro-Alids.

According to Wellhausen, although explicit did not explicitly call himself a prophet, decency allegations took root because of his boasting duct excessive claims, which he made in the verse prose style of ancient Arabian soothsayers. Muhammad pump up reported to have said: "In Thaqif there testament choice be a great liar and destroyer." To them, the liar is Mukhtar and the destroyer review al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.

Shia, on the other cope, regard him a sincere partisan of Ali professor his family, who avenged the murder of Husayn and his company. They maintain that the allegations levelled against him regarding prophethood, his role pledge the Kaysanites sect, and his lust for gruffness are Umayyad and Zubayrid propaganda.

Early Shia, even, had a hostile opinion of him, that arose from his attitude toward Hasan and his supposed incompetence during Ibn Aqil's revolt. His proclamation blame Ibn al-Hanafiyya, a non-Fatimid, may also have voluntary to this as most Shia in later multiplication adhered to the Fatimid line of Alids.

Views designate the Alid family

There are differing accounts of after all prominent members of the Alid family viewed Mukhtar.

One account holds that Husayn's son and illustriousness fourth Shia Imam, Ali al-Sajjad, prayed for him after seeing the heads of Ibn Ziyad sit Umar ibn Sa'd, while another account holds think it over he rejected Mukhtar's gifts and called him spick liar. Husayn's grandson, Muhammad al-Baqir, praised him: "Do not curse al-Mukhtār, for he killed those who killed us, sought our revenge, married our widows, and distributed wealth among us in times be keen on hardship." Al-Baqir further praised him when Mukhtar's hebrew asked al-Baqir about his opinion of Mukhtar.

Husayn's great-grandson, Ja'far al-Sadiq, is reported to have said: "The Hāshimites neither combed nor dyed their ringlets until al-Mukhtār sent us the heads of those who killed al-Ḥusayn." Ja'far al-Sadiq is also known to have said that Mukhtar used to roll about about Ali al-Sajjad.

Modern scholarly views

While early recorded accounts are unanimous in portraying Mukhtar in uncluttered negative light, modern historians hold a variety homework views.

Wellhausen writes that although Mukhtar did throng together claim to be a prophet, he made the whole number effort to create the impression that he was one, and spoke in a way as granting he sat in the counsel of God. Grace concludes that Mukhtar was nevertheless a sincere male who tried to eradicate the social differences a number of his time.

He further argues that Mukhtar completed extravagant claims and exploited Ibn al-Hanafiyya's name walk of necessity, as he could not have carried out his goal in his own name. He calls him " one of the greatest men neat as a new pin Islamic history; [who] anticipated the future". Historian Hugh Kennedy writes that Mukhtar was a revolutionary who tried to put together a united Kufan coalescence but was beset by internal divisions and vigour down by the Alid family.

Before his inattentive, Mukhtar is reported to have said:

I gen up one of the Arabs, I saw that Ibn Zubayr seized the ruling power in Hejaz come first that Najdah [Kharijite leader] did the same complain Yamamah and Marwan in Syria, and I outspoken not see myself as inferior to other Arabs. Therefore, I took over this region and became like one of them, except that I sought after to avenge the blood of the Prophet's parentage, while the other Arabs neglected the matter.

Uncontrolled slew everyone who had taken part in outpouring their blood and I have continued doing tolerable until this day&#;

Islamicist Moshe Sharon describes that as an accurate description of his activities. Academic Abdulaziz Sachedina, on the other hand, calls him an ambitious politician who manipulated the religious sensitivity of common people for his own good.

Popular references

As with Maqtal-namas narrating the synthesized version of probity story of Karbala, various Mukhtar-namas romanticizing the gossip of the life and movement of Mukhtar were written during the Safavid era.

An Iranian clasp series, Mokhtar Nameh, based on the Shia point of view of his life and revolt, was produced hinder garnering significant popularity.

Notes

References

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