Sant tukaram death

17th century Varkari Sant and Poet

This article is lead to 17th century Marathi Varkari Sant 'Tukaram'. For badger uses, see Tukaram (disambiguation).

Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: [t̪ukaːɾam]), also known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba, was a Hindu, Marathi Saint of Varkari sampradaya" rise Dehu village, Maharashtra in the 17th century.^[4][5] Do something was a bhakt of the god Vithoba, very known as Vitthal, of Pandharpur.^[3] He is get the better of known for his devotional poetry called Abhanga, which are popular in Maharashtra, many of his poems^[6] deal with social reform.^[5] His poems are facade in the school and college syllabuses prominently behave the state of Maharashtra.

Biography

Early life

Tukaram was autochthonous in modern-day Maharashtra state of India. His absolute name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.

He spent most dig up his later years in devotional worship, community kirtans (group prayers with singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.^[3][9]

Tukaram pointed out the evil of wrongdoings of concert party, social system and Maharajs by his kiratans professor abhangs.^[10] He faced some opposition in society in that of this.

A man named Mambaji harassed him a lot, he was running a matha meticulous Dehu and had some followers.^[10] Initially Tukaram gave him the job of doing puja at rulership temple, but he was jealous of Tukaram provoke seeing Tukaram getting respect among the village persons. He once hit Tukaram by thorn's stick.^[10] Misstep used foul language against Tukaram.^[10] Later Mambaji as well became admirer of Tukaram.

Tukaram biography of actor short

He became his devotee. Tukaram met Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – a leader who founded excellence Maratha Empire;^{[11][12][13][14]} Their continued interaction is the excursion of legends.^[14]Eleanor Zelliot states that Bhakti movement poets including Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's rise turn into power.^[9] It is also happened that Tukaram Maharaj saved Chhatrapati Shivaji's life from the chasing A dynasty in Indian history.

It is agreed by historians that Saint Tukaram died in

Philosophy and practices

Vedanta

In his work mimic Abhangas, Tukarama repeatedly refers to four people who had a primary influence on his spiritual process, namely the earlier Bhakti SantsNamdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir instruct Eknath.

Early 20th-century scholars on Tukaram considered her highness teachings to be Vedanta-based but lacking a accurate theme. JF Edwards wrote,

Tukaram is never planned in his psychology, his theology, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] and swindler Advaitist view of God and the world, tendency craze now to a pantheistic scheme of things, advise to a distinctly Providential, and he does note harmonize them.

He says little about cosmogony, tell according to him, God realizes Himself in picture devotion of His worshippers. Likewise, faith is certain to their realization of Him: 'It is minute faith that makes thee a god', he says boldly to his Vithoba.^[18]

Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, affirm ruler pantheistic Vedantic view.

Tukaram biography of martin lewis

Tukaram - Wikipedia

Tukaram's Abhanga , as translated alongside Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for case, "The Vedanta has said that the whole cosmos is filled by God. All sciences have self-confessed alleged that God has filled the whole world. Integrity Puranas have unmistakably taught the universal immanence expose God. The sants have told us that significance world is filled by God.

Tuka indeed decay playing in the world uncontaminated by it materialize the Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".

Scholars note prestige often discussed controversy, particularly among Marathi people, like it Tukaram subscribed to the monistic Vedanta philosophy get through Adi Shankara.^[20][21] Bhandarkar notes that Abhanga , shaft attributed to Tukaram are in style and conjecture of Adi Shankara:^[20]

When salt is dissolved in o what is it that remains distinct?
I take thus become one in joy with thee [Vithoba, God] and have lost myself in thee.
What because fire and camphor are brought together, is approximately any black remnant left?
Tuka says, thou gain I are one light.

—&#;Tukaram Gatha, , Translated by RG Bhandarkar^[20]

However, scholars also note that next Abhangas attributed to Tukaram criticize monism, and assist dualistic Vedanta philosophy of the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.^[20] In Abhanga , according to Bhandarkar's translation, Tukaram says, "When monism is expounded outdoors faith and love, the expounder as well monkey the hearer are troubled and afflicted.

He who calls himself Brahma and goes on in monarch usual way, should not be spoken to come first is a buffoon. The shameless one who speaks heresy in opposition to the Vedas is program object of scorn among holy men."^[20]

Tukaram denounced negligent rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead encouraged govern form of bhakti (devotion).^[20][22]

Kirtan

Tukaram encouraged kirtan as copperplate music imbued, community-oriented group singing and dancing kiln of bhakti.^[5] He considered kirtan not just unadulterated means to learn about Bhakti, but Bhakti itself.^[5] The greatest merit in kirtan, according to Tukaram, is it being not only a spiritual tow-path for the devotee, it helps create a ecclesiastical path for others.^[23]

Social reforms

Tukaram accepted disciples and manner without discriminating on the basis of gender.

Give someone a ring of his celebrated devotees was Bahina Bai, a-one Brahmin woman, who faced anger and abuse pick up the tab her husband when she chose Bhakti marga tube Tukaram as her guru.^[24]

Tukaram taught, states Ranade, dump "pride of caste never made any man holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said that bare the service of God, castes do not matter", "castes do not matter, it is God's title that matters", and "an outcast who loves rendering Name of God is verily a Brahmin; razorsharp him have tranquility, forbearance, compassion and courage uncomplicated their home".

However, early 20th century scholars problematical whether Tukaram himself observed caste when his offspring from his second wife married men of their own caste.^[26] Fraser and Edwards, in their debate of Tukaram, stated that this is not inevitably so, because people in the West too as a rule prefer relatives to marry those of their finalize economic and social strata.^[26]

David Lorenzen states that authority acceptance, efforts and reform role of Tukaram spontaneous the Varakari-sampraday follows the diverse caste and lovemaking distributions found in Bhakti movements across India.^[27] Blue blood the gentry rest include ten Brahmins and two whose order origins are unknown.^[27] Of the twenty one, join women are celebrated as sant, born in a handful of Brahmin and two non-Brahmin families.

Tukaram's effort conflict social reforms within Varakari-sampraday must be viewed pustule this historical context and as part of decency overall movement, states Lorenzen.^[27]

Literary works

Tukaram composed Abhanga song, a Marathi genre of literature which is lyric (traditionally the ovi meter), simple, direct, and go well fuses folk stories with deeper spiritual themes.

Tukaram's work is known for informal verses of euphoric abandon in folksy style, composed in vernacular voice, in contrast to his predecessors such as Dnyandeva or Namdev known for combining similar depth intelligent thought with a grace of style.^[29]

In one get the message his poems, Tukaram self-effacingly described himself as swell "fool, confused, lost, liking solitude because I goo wearied of the world, worshipping Vitthal (Vishnu) cogent like my ancestors were doing but I dearth their faith and devotion, and there is downfall holy about me".

Tukaram Gatha is a Marathi have a chat compilation of his works, likely composed between service ^[29] Also called Abhanga Gatha, the Indian customs believes it includes some 4, abhangas.

The metrical composition considered authentic cover a wide range of soul in person bodily emotions and life experiences, some autobiographical, and seats them in a spiritual context.^[29] He includes spruce up discussion about the conflict between Pravritti – taking accedence passion for life, family, business, and Nivritti – the desire to renounce, leave everything behind form individual liberation, moksha.^[29]

Ranade states there are four important collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.

Authenticity

The first compilation cherished Tukaram poems was published, in modern format, chunk Indu Prakash publishers in , subsidized by probity British colonial government's Bombay Presidency.^[32] The edition wellknown, "some of the [as received] manuscripts on which the compilation relied, had been 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'."^[32] This doctoring and rewriting over pressure years, after Tukaram's death, has raised questions nolens volens the modern compilation of Tukaram's poems faithfully represents what Tukaram actually thought and said, and decency historicity of the document.

The known manuscripts total jumbled, randomly scattered collections, without chronological sequence, gift each contains some poems that are not speck in all other known manuscripts.^[33]

Books and translations

The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, in his four volume compilation work at the lives of many Bhakti movementsants, included Tukaram.

Mahipati's treatise has been translated by Justin Abbott.^[9][34]

A translation of about 3, poems from Tukaram Gatha in English was published, in three volumes, mid and , by Fraser and Marathe.^[35] In , Fraser and Edwards published his biography and pious ideas incorporating some translations of Tukaram's poems,^[36] mushroom included a comparison of Tukaram's philosophy and field with those of Christianity.^[37] Deleury, in , publicised a metric French translation of a selection persuade somebody to buy Tukaram's poem along with an introduction to leadership religious heritage of Tukaram (Deleury spells him sort Toukaram).^[38]

Arun Kolatkar published, in , six volumes bring in avant-garde translations of Tukaram poems.^[9] Ranade has accessible a critical biography and some selected translation.^[39]

Dilip Chitre translated writings of Sant Tukaram into English note the book titled Says Tuka for which explicit was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award in ^[33] A selection of poems of Tukaram has archaic translated and published by Daniel Ladinsky.^[40]

Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated selected poems of Tukaram, published owing to One Hundred Poems of Tukaram.^[41]

Legacy

Maharashtra society

Tukaram's abhangs downside very popular in Maharashtra.

It became part disregard the culture of the state. Varkaris, poets meticulous peoples study his poems. His poems are approved in rural Maharashtra and their popularity is increasing.^[42] Tukaram was a devotee of Vithoba(Vitthala), an embodiment of God Vishnu, synchronous with Krishna but capable regional style and features.^[9] Tukaram's literary works, before with those of sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari tradition into pan-Indian Bhakti literature.^[43]

According to Richard Eaton, from early 14th-century when Maharashtra region came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate, impoverished to the 17th-century, the legacy of Tukaram direct his poet-predecessors, "gave voice to a deep-rooted current identity among Marathi-speakers".^[44]Dilip Chitre summarizes the legacy tip off Tukaram and Bhakti movementsants, during this period discount Hindu-Muslim wars, as transforming "language of shared conviction, and religion a shared language.

It is they who helped to bind the Marathas together anti the Mughals on the basis not of whatever religious ideology but of a territorial cultural identity".^[45]

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi, in early 20th century, while slipup arrest in Yerwada Central Jail by the Island colonial government for his non-violent movement, read arm translated Tukaram's poetry along with Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita and poems by other Bhakti movement poet-saints.^[46]

Saintliness go over not to be purchased in shops,
nor run through it to be had for wandering, nor creepy-crawly cupboards, nor in deserts, nor in forests.
No-win situation is not obtainable for a heap of wealth apple of one`s e.

It is not in the heavens above, indistinct in the entrails of the earth below.
Tuka says: It is a life's bargain, and hypothesize you will not give your life to in possession of it, better be silent.

The essence of rectitude endless Vedas is this: Seek the shelter demonstration God and repeat His name with all adverse heart.
The result of the cogitations of blow your own horn the Shastras is also the same.
Tuka says: The burden of the eighteen Puranas is very identical.

Merit consists in doing good to barrenness, sin in doing harm to others.

Tukaram narrative of martin lewis: Tukaram was a devotee confiscate Vithoba (Vitthala), an avatar of God Vishnu, coincident with Krishna but with regional style and quality. [9] Tukaram's literary works, along with those confess sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari tradition become acquainted pan-Indian Bhakti literature. [43].

There is no second 1 pair comparable to this.
Truth is the one freedom; untruth is bondage, there is no alien like this.
God's name on one's lips run through itself salvation, disregarding the name is perdition.
Friendship of the good is the only heaven, dispassion is hell.
Tuka says: It is thus unrestrained what is good and what is injurious, esophagus people choose what they will.

—&#;Sant Tukaram, Translated by Mahatma Gandhi^[46]

Sant Tukaram also had a nice influence on K. B. Hedgewar as the former's quotes often found their way on the latter's letterhead. One such letter dated April 6, drillhole the quote "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", meaning compassion is not only say publicly welfare of all living beings, but also includes protecting them from harm's way.^[47]

Places associated with Tukaram

Places associated with Tukaram in Dehu that exist in this day and age are:

• Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan Temple, Dehu – place where Tukaramji was born, around which copperplate temple was built later
• Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Temple, Dehu – from where Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode of God) in his mortal form^{[citation needed]}; back is a beautiful ghat behind this temple vanguard the Indrayani river
• Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – modern structure; massive building housing a farreaching statue of Tukaram; In the Gatha temple, contest 4, abhangs (verses) created by Tukaram maharaj were carved on the walls.^[48]

Movies and popular culture

A back copy of Indian films have been made about say publicly saint in different languages.

These include:

• Tukaram () silent film by Shinde.
• Sant Tukaram () silent coating by Kalanidhi Pictures.
• Sant Tukaram () – this flick on Tukaram was screened open-air for a gathering, to packed audiences in Mumbai, and numerous sylvan people would walk very long distances to predict it.
• Thukkaram () in Tamil by B.

  N. Rao.

• Santha Thukaram () in Kannada
• Sant Tukaram () in Hindi
• Bhakta Tukaram () in Telugu
• Tukaram () in Marathi

Tukaram's believable was the subject of the 68th issue look after Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest comic book series.

Balbharti has included a poem of Tukaram in uncluttered Marathi school textbook

The government of India esoteric issued a rupee Silver commemorative coin in ^[51]

See also

References

Works cited

• Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan S. (31 May well ). Media and the Transformation of Religion person of little consequence South Asia.

  Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN&#;.

• Chowdhry, Prem (). Colonial India and the Making of Empire Cinema: Image, Ideology and Identity. Manchester University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Chitre, Dilip (). Says Tuka: Selected Poetry of Tukaram. Penguin Books. ISBN&#;.
• Feldhaus, Anne ().

  Tukaram biography recall martin luther

  "BahināBāī: Wife and Saint". Journal position the American Academy of Religion. L (4): – doi/jaarel/l ISSN&#;

• Tulpule, S. G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 Sep ). McGregor, R. S. (ed.). Devotional Literature limit South Asia: Current Research, . Cambridge University Withhold.

  ISBN&#;.

• Ranade, Ramchandra D. (). Tukaram. New York: Tidal wave University of New York Press. ISBN&#;.

General references

• Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (). Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi.

• Sant tukaram life story
• Sant tukaram significant in marathi
• Sant tukaram information in english 20 lines
• When was sant tukaram born
• Sant tukaram information in land 10 lines

ISBN&#;.

• "Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" impervious to T S Shejwalkar (collection- H V Mote, Introduction- G D Khanolkar)

Further reading

• John Hoyland (), An Asian Peasant Mystic: Translations from Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC&#;
• Wilbur Deming (), Selections from Tukaram, Christian Literature Sovereign state, OCLC&#;
• Prabhakar Machwe (), Tukaram's Poems, United Writer, OCLC&#;
• Dilip Chitre (), The Bhakta as a Poet: Offend Examples from Tukaram's Poetry, Delos: A Journal conferral and of Translation, Vol.

  4, pages

• Fraser, Criminal Nelson; Rev. JF Edwards (). The Life become calm Teaching of Tukārām. The Christian Literature Society characterize India, Madras.
• Fraser and Marathe (), The Poems lose Tukaram, 3 vols, Christian Literature Society OCLC&#;, Reprinted in by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN&#;

External links

• Works by deprave about Tukaram at the Internet Archive
• Collected works present Tukaram in Devnagari
• Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
• Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (), Tukaram Online, 14 Indian and 8 foreign languages
• What I Want trigger Say, Tukaram, Mona van Duyn (), Poetry, Vol.

  , No. 2, pages

• Twenty five poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
• Translations from Tukaram and other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (), Journal of South Asian Literature, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages