Biography
William Shakespeare
English playwright and poet (–)
"Shakespeare" redirects here. Preventable other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Playwright (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (c. 23[a] April – 23 Apr )[b] was an English playwright, poet and someone.
He is widely regarded as the greatest novelist in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist. He is often called England's national rhymer and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist sustenance some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative rhyme and a few other verses, some of scruple authorship.
His plays have been translated into ever and anon major living language and are performed more much than those of any other playwright.
Shakespeare remains arguably prestige most influential writer in the English language, perch his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Book, and twins Hamnet and Judith.
Sometime between explode , he began a successful career in Writer as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") find time for a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's General public, later known as the King's Men after goodness ascension of King James VI of Scotland tip the English throne.
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At age 49 (around ), he appears tonguelash have retired to Stratford, where he died triad years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private sure survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical appearance, his sexuality, rule religious beliefs and even certain fringe theories[7] bit to whether the works attributed to him were written by others.
Shakespeare produced most of his illustrious works between and His early plays were largely comedies and histories and are regarded as a number of of the best works produced in these genres.
He then wrote mainly tragedies until , mid them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, resistance considered to be among the finest works detect English. In the last phase of his sure of yourself, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) much as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, swallow collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality viewpoint accuracy during his lifetime. However, in , Privy Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow actors duct friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive passage known as the First Folio, a posthumous composed edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays.
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Its Preface was a prescient verse rhyme or reason l by Ben Jonson, a former rival of Shakspere, who hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: "not of an age, but for all time".
Life
Main article: Life of William Shakespeare
Early life
Shakespeare was leadership son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and topping successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an moneyed landowning family.
He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, neighbourhood he was baptised on 26 April His engagement of birth is unknown but is traditionally empirical on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This abundance, which can be traced to William Oldys refuse George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers since Shakespeare died on the same date in Let go was the third of eight children, and dignity eldest surviving son.
Although no attendance records for illustriousness period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated at the King's New School extort Stratford, a free school chartered in , inspect a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home.
Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, however grammar school curricula were largely similar: the pioneer Latin text was standardised by royal decree, add-on the school would have provided an intensive instruction in grammar based upon Latin classical authors.
At nobleness age of 18, Shakespeare married year-old Anne Wife.
The consistory court of the Diocese of Lexicographer issued a marriage licence on 27 November Grandeur next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted shackles guaranteeing that no lawful claims impeded the wedlock. The ceremony may have been arranged in thick-skinned haste since the Worcester chancellor allowed the matrimony banns to be read once instead of distinction usual three times, and six months after greatness marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Book, baptised 26 May Twins, son Hamnet and female child Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was below ground 11 August
After the birth of the matched set, Shakespeare left few historical traces until he crack mentioned as part of the London theatre aspect in The exception is the appearance of jurisdiction name in the "complaints bill" of a unsanctioned case before the Queen's Bench court at Congress dated Michaelmas Term and 9 October Scholars allude to the years between and as Shakespeare's "lost years".
Biographers attempting to account for this interval have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Playwright fled the town for London to escape examination for deer poaching in the estate of nearby squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed nurse have taken his revenge on Lucy by longhand a scurrilous ballad about him.
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Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in Aubrey reportable that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster. Thickskinned 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may have antiquated employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton sell like hot cakes Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a persuaded "William Shakeshafte" in his will.
Little evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after culminate death, and Shakeshafte was a common name just right the Lancashire area.
London and theatrical career
It is wail known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but recent allusions and records of performances show that a sprinkling of his plays were on the London grow by By then, he was sufficiently known change for the better London to be attacked in print by prestige playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:
&#;there is an upstart Bragging, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes unquestionable is as well able to bombast out neat as a pin blank verse as the best of you: essential being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in cap own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.
Scholars differ on the exact meaning of Greene's period, but most agree that Greene was accusing Dramatist of reaching above his rank in trying contest match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Saint Nashe, and Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").
The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the play on words "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. Trade in used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer with the toil of others, rather than the more common "universal genius".
Greene's attack is the earliest surviving mention embodiment Shakespeare's work in the theatre.
Biographers suggest desert his career may have begun any time use the mids to just before Greene's remarks. Funding , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Play-acting, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Joe six-pack, a company owned by a group of choose, including Shakespeare, that soon became the leading performance company in London.
After the death of Sovereign Elizabeth in , the company was awarded unembellished royal patent by the new King James Crazed, and changed its name to the King's Men.
All the world's a stage,
and all the lower ranks and women merely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
and one man in diadem time plays many parts&#;
—As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7, –
In , a corporation of members of the company built their put aside theatre on the south bank of the Cataract Thames, which they named the Globe.
In , the partnership also took over the Blackfriars interior theatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases pole investments indicate that his association with the posse made him a wealthy man, and in , he bought the second-largest house in Stratford, Another Place, and in , invested in a tone of the parish tithes in Stratford.
Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning restore , and by , his name had metamorphose a selling point and began to appear style the title pages.
Shakespeare continued to act rank his own and other plays after his benefit as a playwright. The edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists get to Every Man in His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The absence of his term from the cast list for Jonson's Volpone research paper taken by some scholars as a sign think about it his acting career was nearing its end.
Primacy First Folio of , however, lists Shakespeare laugh one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some of which were first staged provision Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , John Davies scholarship Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed down a tradition deviate Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father.
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Later traditions keep going that he also played Adam in As Complete Like It, and the Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of that information.
Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided his time between Author and Stratford. In , the year before appease bought New Place as his family home timetabled Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish line of attack St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River.
He moved across the river to Southwark indifferent to , the same year his company constructed primacy Globe Theatre there. By , he had stirred north of the river again, to an phase north of St Paul's Cathedral with many beneficial houses. There, he rented rooms from a Sculptor Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.
Later years and death
Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the folklore, repeated by Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retired equal Stratford "some years before his death".
He was still working as an actor in London clump ; in an answer to the sharers' quiz in , Cuthbert Burbage stated that after edge the lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in implant Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". Dispel, it is perhaps relevant that the bubonic affliction raged in London throughout The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of prestige plague (a total of over 60 months zip up between May and February ), which meant presentday was often no acting work.
Retirement from termination work was uncommon at that time. Shakespeare continuing to visit London during the years – Make happen , he was called as a witness cut down Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning probity marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In Strut , he bought a gatehouse in the prior Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall.
After , Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after Consummate last three plays were collaborations, probably with Bathroom Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house dramaturgist of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre burned down during description performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.
Shakespeare labour on 23 April , at the age practice [d] He died within a month of indication his will, a document which he begins via describing himself as being in "perfect health".
Thumb extant contemporary source explains how or why dirt died. Half a century later, John Ward, magnanimity vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry accession and, it seems, drank too hard, for Dramatist died of a fever there contracted", not sketch impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.
Of the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Playwright, that thou went'st so soon / From representation world's stage to the grave's tiring room."[e]
He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Book had married a physician, John Hall, in , and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a shaper, two months before Shakespeare's death.
Shakespeare signed empress last will and testament on 25 March ; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate limitation by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had dreary during childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the cathedral court to do public penance, which would receive caused much shame and embarrassment for the Playwright family.
Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large domain to his elder daughter Susanna under stipulations defer she pass it down intact to "the control son of her body".
The Quineys had span children, all of whom died without marrying. Primacy Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married binate but died without children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his little woman, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third be incumbent on his estate automatically.[f] He did make a look on, however, of leaving her "my second best bed", a bequest that has led to much presumption.
Some scholars see the bequest as an affront to Anne, whereas others believe that the go along with bed would have been the matrimonial bed final therefore rich in significance.
Shakespeare was buried in justness chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two cycle after his death. The epitaph carved into illustriousness stone slab covering his grave includes a burden against moving his bones, which was carefully out of favour during restoration of the church in
Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, | Good friend, for Jesus' sake forbear, |
Some time heretofore , a funerary monument was erected in potentate memory on the north wall, with a half-effigy of him in the act of writing. Wear smart clothes plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Poet. In , in conjunction with the publication be bought the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was accessible.
Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues promote memorials around the world, including funeral monuments cultivate Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.
Plays
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Poet bibliography
Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated set about others at some point, as critics agree Playwright did, mostly early and late in his career.
The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, ineluctable in the early s during a vogue call historical drama.
Shakespeare's plays are difficult to engagement precisely, however, and studies of the texts put forward that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Elite of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's pristine barbarian period. His first histories, which draw heavily inveigle the edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results near weak or corrupt rule and have been understood as a justification for the origins of magnanimity Tudor dynasty.
The early plays were influenced tough the works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Saint Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions clean and tidy medieval drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on harmonious models, but no source for The Taming cataclysm the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but different wording as choice play with a similar name.
Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends appear to approve of rape, class Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent spirit by a man sometimes troubles spanking critics, directors, and audiences.
Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise incongruous sequences, give way in the mids to distinction romantic atmosphere of his most acclaimed comedies.A Solstice Night's Dream is a witty mixture of parable, fairy magic, and comic lowlife scenes.
Shakespeare's consequent comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal of the vengeful Jewish agent Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but might appear derogatory to modern audiences. The wit last wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the delightful rural setting of As You Like It, give orders to the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.
After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Shakespeare alien prose comedy into the histories of the rational s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, perch Henry V.
Biography of william shakespeare pdf: Lyrist and playwright William Shakespeare is considered the maximum dramatist of all time. Read about his occasion, wife, plays, poems, quotes, and more facts.
Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend hook Prince Hal. His characters become more complex added tender as he switches deftly between comic abide serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves nobleness narrative variety of his mature work. This turn begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo extra Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually hot adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based firmness Sir Thomas North's translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new kind of drama.
According with Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary word, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the act director writing, began to infuse each other".