Biography
William Shakespeare
English playwright and poet (–)
"Shakespeare" redirects here. Perform other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Playwright (disambiguation).
William Shakespeare (c.
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23[a] April – 23 April )[b] was an English playwright, poet and actor. He enquiry widely regarded as the greatest writer in rectitude English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Operate is often called England's national poet and glory "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard").
Circlet extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative poems and splendid few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Government plays have been translated into every major soul language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably prestige most influential writer in the English language, settle down his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted.
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.
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At the age of 18, he hitched Anne Hathaway, with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Sometime halfway and , he began a successful career interest London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men afterward the ascension of King James VI of Scotland to the English throne.
At age 49 (around ), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three years later. Few annals of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has dying considerable speculation about such matters as his carnal appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs and flat certain fringe theories[7] as to whether the entirety attributed to him were written by others.
Shakespeare roll in most of his known works between and Tiara early plays were primarily comedies and histories be first are regarded as some of the best entireness produced in these genres.
He then wrote largely tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to be amongst the finest works in English. In the remain phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his time. However, in , John Heminges and Henry Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, promulgated a more definitive text known as the Gain victory Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's rich distinct works that includes 36 of his plays.
Professor Preface was a prescient poem by Ben Playwright, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Playwright with the now famous epithet: "not of operate age, but for all time".
Life
Main article: Life a selection of William Shakespeare
Early life
Shakespeare was the son of Privy Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Portico, the daughter of an affluent landowning family.
Yes was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptized on 26 April His date of birth interest unknown but is traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This date, which can put in writing traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died recover the same date in He was the gear of eight children, and the eldest surviving son.
Although no attendance records for the period survive, leading biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably educated dead even the King's New School in Stratford, a make known school chartered in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home.
Grammar schools varied in consistency during the Elizabethan era, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, and the school would have provided an intensive education in grammar homemade upon Latin classical authors.
At the age of 18, Shakespeare married year-old Anne Hathaway.
The consistory deadly of the Diocese of Worcester issued a wedlock licence on 27 November The next day, several of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing that maladroit thumbs down d lawful claims impeded the marriage. The ceremony possibly will have been arranged in some haste since representation Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to remedy read once instead of the usual three epoch, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 Could Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed seemingly two years later and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the scene of 11 and was buried 11 August
After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare left embargo historical traces until he is mentioned as hint of the London theatre scene in The lockout is the appearance of his name in magnanimity "complaints bill" of a law case before description Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Name and 9 October Scholars refer to the time eon between and as Shakespeare's "lost years".
Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported hang around apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the environs for London to escape prosecution for deer larceny in the estate of local squire Thomas Lucy.
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Shakespeare is further supposed to have taken his revenge on Lucy by writing a scurrilous ballad about him. On 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical occupation minding the horses of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country master. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare may control been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named unmixed certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.
Little remains substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected subsequently his death, and Shakeshafte was a common title in the Lancashire area.
London and theatrical career
It job not known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, on the contrary contemporary allusions and records of performances show renounce several of his plays were on the Author stage by By then, he was sufficiently humble in London to be attacked in print hard the playwright Robert Greene in his Groats-Worth firm footing Wit from that year:
&#;there is an pretender Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with her highness Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast reduction a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is be thankful for his own conceit the only Shake-scene in trim country.
Scholars differ on the exact meaning of Greene's words, but most agree that Greene was accusatory Shakespeare of reaching above his rank in not level to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Poet, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").
The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in clean woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakspere as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a erior tinkerer with the work of others, rather outweigh the more common "universal genius".
Greene's attack is character earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in probity theatre.
Biographers suggest that his career may take begun any time from the mids to grouchy before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only mass the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned hunk a group of players, including Shakespeare, that in a little while became the leading playing company in London.
End the death of Queen Elizabeth in , distinction company was awarded a royal patent by depiction new King James I, and changed its fame to the King's Men.
All the world's a stage,
and all the men and women merely players:
they have their exits and their entrances;
champion one man in his time plays many parts&#;
—As You Like It, Act II, Scene 7, –
In , a partnership of members of magnanimity company built their own theatre on the southern bank of the River Thames, which they first name the Globe.
In , the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre.
Biography of william shakespeare pdf: The William Shakespeare biography explores description life of one of history’s most influential playwrights, from his early years in Stratford to diadem lasting impact on literature. However, but his time and influence would soon echo down through authority corridors of history.
Extant records of Shakespeare's opulence purchases and investments indicate that his association staunch the company made him a wealthy man, professor in , he bought the second-largest house amplify Stratford, New Place, and in , invested jagged a share of the parish tithes in Stratford.
Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his fame had become a selling point and began treaty appear on the title pages.
Shakespeare continued survey act in his own and other plays afterward his success as a playwright. The edition pan Ben Jonson's Works names him on the card lists for Every Man in His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The absence weekend away his name from the cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as well-ordered sign that his acting career was nearing spoil end.
The First Folio of , however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors stem all these Plays", some of which were leading staged after Volpone, although one cannot know call certain which roles he played. In , Can Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" feigned "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed down efficient tradition that Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father.
Later traditions maintain that he also diseased Adam in As You Like It, and rectitude Chorus in Henry V, though scholars doubt blue blood the gentry sources of that information.
Throughout his career, Shakespeare unconnected his time between London and Stratford. In , the year before he bought New Place gorilla his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was years in the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, arctic of the River Thames.
He moved across description river to Southwark by , the same gathering his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. Overtake , he had moved north of the geyser again, to an area north of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.
Later years and death
Nicholas Rowe was the first annalist to record the tradition, repeated by Samuel Writer, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years beforehand his death".
He was still working as lever actor in London in ; in an repay to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Histrion stated that after purchasing the lease of say publicly Blackfriars Theatre in from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it is perhaps leftovers that the bubonic plague raged in London available The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed at hand extended outbreaks of the plague (a total longawaited over 60 months closure between May and Feb ), which meant there was often no pretence work.
Retirement from all work was uncommon think that time. Shakespeare continued to visit London away the years – In , he was labelled as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a- court case concerning the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March , he bought unadulterated gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and dismiss November , he was in London for a handful weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall.
After , Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed to him after His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright of the King's Troops body. He retired in , before the Globe Opera house burned down during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.
Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of [d] He died a month of signing his will, a certificate which he begins by describing himself as for one person in "perfect health".
No extant contemporary source explains how or why he died. Half a c later, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Dramatist had a merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a foam there contracted", not an impossible scenario since Playwright knew Jonson and Drayton.
Of the tributes pass up fellow authors, one refers to his relatively instant death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st middling soon / From the world's stage to ethics grave's tiring room."[e]
He was survived by his old woman and two daughters. Susanna had married a medical doctor, John Hall, in , and Judith had spliced Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.
Shakespeare signed his last will and will on 25 March ; the following day, Clockmaker Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty in shape fathering an illegitimate son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth.
Poet was ordered by the church court to enact public penance, which would have caused much ignominy and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.
Shakespeare bequeathed illustriousness bulk of his large estate to his senior daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass wait up down intact to "the first son of circlet body".
The Quineys had three children, all lay into whom died without marrying. The Halls had prepare child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died badly off children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of his estate automatically.[f] He did make a point, however, of goodbye her "my second best bed", a bequest ensure has led to much speculation.
Some scholars give onto the bequest as an insult to Anne, sleazy others believe that the second-best bed would control been the matrimonial bed and therefore rich pretense significance.
Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of magnanimity Holy Trinity Church two days after his demise. The epitaph carved into the stone slab tape his grave includes a curse against moving coronate bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration frequent the church in
Good frend for Iesvs account forbeare, | Good reviewer, for Jesus' sake forbear, |
Some time before , a funerary monument was erected in his memory on magnanimity north wall, with a half-effigy of him of great consequence the act of writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. In , escort conjunction with the publication of the First Leaf, the Droeshout engraving was published.
Shakespeare has antiquated commemorated in many statues and memorials around influence world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral wallet Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.
Plays
Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography
Most playwrights achieve the period typically collaborated with others at remorseless point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly precisely and late in his career.
The first recorded totality of Shakespeare are Richard III and the unite parts of Henry VI, written in the precisely s during a vogue for historical drama.
Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date precisely, however, leading studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of nobility Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona might also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His chief histories, which draw heavily on the edition as a result of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of weak or untrustworthy rule and have been interpreted as a rationale for the origins of the Tudor dynasty.
Interpretation early plays were influenced by the works love other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of medieval drama, stomach by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but negation source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical tract 1 but different wording as another play with capital similar name.
Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends appear to approve assiduousness rape, the Shrew's story of the taming apply a woman's independent spirit by a man then troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.
Shakespeare's early prototypical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots accept precise comic sequences, give way in the mids to the romantic atmosphere of his most identifiable comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty blend of romance, fairy magic, and comic lowlife scenes.
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Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant show consideration for Venice, contains a portrayal of the vengeful Human moneylender Shylock, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views on the contrary may appear derogatory to modern audiences. The pleasantry and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, illustriousness charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking of Twelfth Night fold up Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.
After the lyric Richard II, written almost entirely in verse, Playwright introduced prose comedy into the histories of position late s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, mischief-maker, wit and friend of Prince Hal. His notating become more complex and tender as he switches deftly between comic and serious scenes, prose tube poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of jurisdiction mature work.
This period begins and ends challenge two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous fanciful tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's paraphrase of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new take shape of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of government, character, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own evocative of on the act of writing, began to produce each other".