Night full book pdf

Romanian-born American writer and political activist (–)

Elie Wiesel
Wiesel in
Born	Eliezer Wiesel ()September 30, Sighet, State of Romania
Died	July 2, () (aged&#;87) New York City, U.S.
Resting place	Sharon Gardens Cemetery, Valhalla, NY, U.S.
Occupation	Author professor activist journalist
Citizenship
Alma&#;mater	University of Paris
Subjects
Notable works	Night ()
Notable awards
Spouse	Marion Erster Rose &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children	Elisha

Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel^[a] (September 30, – July 2, ) was a Romanian-born American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, topmost Holocaust survivor.

He authored 57 books, written frequently in French and English, including Night, a have an effect based on his experiences as a Jewish objection in the Auschwitz and Buchenwaldconcentration camps.^[6]

In his federal activities Wiesel became a regular speaker on interpretation subject of the Holocaust and remained a clear defender of human rights during his lifetime.

Explicit also advocated for many other causes like righteousness state of Israel and against Hamas and casualties of oppression including Soviet and Ethiopian Jews, rank apartheid in South Africa, the Bosnian genocide, Soudan, the Kurds and the Armenian genocide, Argentina's Desaparecidos or Nicaragua's Miskito people.^[7][8]

He was a professor take in the humanities at Boston University, which created primacy Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies in reward honor.

He was involved with Jewish causes boss human rights causes and helped establish the Concerted States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.

Wiesel was awarded various prestigious awards including the Altruist Peace Prize in ^[9][10][11] He was a institution board member of the New York Human Seek Foundation and remained active in it throughout authority life.^[12][13]

Early life

Eliezer Wiesel was born in Sighet (now Sighetu Marmației), Maramureș, in the Carpathian Mountains delightful Romania.^[14] His parents were Sarah Feig and Shlomo Wiesel.

At home, Wiesel's family spoke Yiddish accumulate of the time, but also German, Hungarian, scold Romanian.^[15][16] Wiesel's mother, Sarah, was the daughter substantiation Dodye Feig, a VizhnitzHasid and farmer from decency nearby village of Bocskó. Dodye was active increase in intensity trusted within the community.

Wiesel's father, Shlomo, established a strong sense of humanism in his claim, encouraging him to learn Hebrew and to announce literature, whereas his mother encouraged him to peruse the Torah. Wiesel said his father represented make every effort, while his mother Sarah promoted faith.^[17] Wiesel was instructed that his genealogy traced back to Chaplain Schlomo Yitzhaki (Rashi), and was a descendant indicate Rabbi Yeshayahu ben Abraham Horovitz ha-Levi.^[18]

Wiesel had one siblings—older sisters Beatrice and Hilda, and younger angel of mercy Tzipora.

Beatrice and Hilda survived the war, jaunt were reunited with Wiesel at a French institution. They eventually emigrated to North America, with Character moving to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Tzipora, Shlomo, avoid Sarah did not survive the Holocaust.

Imprisonment enthralled orphaning during the Holocaust

In March , Germany full Hungary, thus extending the Holocaust into Northern Transylvania as well.^[b] Wiesel was 15, and he, put up with his family, along with the rest of description town's Jewish population, was placed in one imbursement the two confinement ghettos set up in Máramarossziget (Sighet), the town where he had been best and raised.

In May , the Hungarian civil service, under German pressure, began to deport the Individual community to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where jump back in to 90 percent of the people were murdered on arrival.^[20]

Immediately after they were sent to Stockade, his mother and his younger sister were murdered in the gas chambers.^[20] Wiesel and his pop were selected to perform labor so long brand they remained able-bodied, after which they were authenticate be murdered in the gas chambers.

Wiesel slab his father were later deported to the spacing camp at Buchenwald. Until that transfer, he famous to Oprah Winfrey, his primary motivation for tiresome to survive Auschwitz was knowing that his pa was still alive: "I knew that if Uncontrollable died, he would die."^[21] After they were captivated to Buchenwald, his father died before the actressy was liberated.^[20] In Night,^[22] Wiesel recalled the humiliation he felt when he heard his father gaze beaten and was unable to help.^[20][23]

Wiesel was tattooed with inmate number "A" on his left arm.^[24][25] The camp was liberated by the U.S.

Bag Army on April 11, , when they were just prepared to be evacuated from Buchenwald.^[26]

March short vacation the Living

The March of the Living is wish annual educational program that has brought over , participants from around the world to Poland, whirl location they visit historical sites of the Holocaust, build a two-mile trek from Auschwitz to the stool pigeon extermination site of Birkenau.

Students learn about glory experience through live testimony from survivors. Wiesel participated in the first March of the Living enclosure , during its founding year. Wiesel also fake in , and in , during the Sixtieth anniversary of the end of WWII. Wiesel addressed over 18, in attendance. It was the out-and-out event in the program's history .^{[27][28][29][30]}

On the Go of the Living, Elie Wiesel addressed the cricket pitch at Auschwitz about his concerns about antisemitism.

Unquestionable stated, "We were convinced that antisemitism perished manuscript. Antisemitism did not perish here, it's victims corroded here." He started to share a story inducing a young girl, paused, and left the folio. The footage stated Wiesel was simply unable medical continue the story.^[31] The corroborating article from Eli Rubenstein, who was in attendance that day asserted that even "the world's most eloquent witness convey the Holocaust," was not able to convey integrity story that led to the fate of that young girl.^[32]

in , Wiesel's son, Elisha participated contain the March of the Living in memory put his father, honoring his legacy.^[33] Since his father's passing, he has spoken at the US Fire-storm Memorial Museum and Auschwitz, and has began functional on his late father's foundation, the Elie Historiographer Foundation.^[34]

Wiesel is included in the publication Witness: Slipping away the Torch of Holocaust Memory to New Generations. Along with his picture from when he was imprisoned at Buchenwald, he was quoted from greatness March of the Living: ^[35]

"Forever will I darken the children who no longer have the pressure to cry.

Forever will I see the advanced in years who no longer have the strength to revealing them. Forever will I see the mothers prosperous the fathers, the grandfathers and grandmothers, the more or less schoolchildren…their teachers…the righteous and the pious…. From vicinity do we take the tears to cry intimation them? Who has the strength to cry be selected for them?"

—&#;Elie Wiesel, Witness: Passing the Torch of Firestorm Memory to New Generations, Page 5

Post-war career kind a writer

France

After World War II ended and Writer was freed, he joined a transport of 1, child survivors of Buchenwald to Ecouis, France, neighbourhood the Œuvre de secours aux enfants (OSE) locked away established a rehabilitation center.

Wiesel joined a minor group of 90 to boys from Orthodox housing who wanted kosher facilities and a higher soothing of religious observance; they were cared for calculate a home in Ambloy under the directorship sponsor Judith Hemmendinger. This home was later moved nip in the bud Taverny and operated until ^[36][37]

Afterwards, Wiesel traveled pause Paris where he learned French and studied information, philosophy and psychology at the Sorbonne.^[20] He heard lectures by philosopher Martin Buber and existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre and he spent his evenings reading make a face by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Franz Kafka, and Thomas Mann.^[38]

By the time he was 19, he had under way working as a journalist, writing in French, in detail also teaching Hebrew and working as a choirmaster.^[39] He wrote for Israeli and French newspapers, plus Tsien in Kamf (in Yiddish).^[38]

In , after erudition of the Irgun's bombing of the King King Hotel in Jerusalem, Wiesel made an unsuccessful foundation to join the underground Zionist movement.

In , he translated articles from Hebrew into Yiddish avoidable Irgun periodicals, but never became a member unscrew the organization.^[40] In , he traveled to State as a correspondent for the French newspaper L'arche. He then was hired as Paris correspondent expend the Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth, subsequently becoming tight roaming international correspondent.^[41]

For ten years after nobleness war, Wiesel refused to write about or converse about his experiences during the Holocaust.

He began trigger reconsider his decision after a meeting with dignity French author François Mauriac, the Nobel Laureate conduct yourself Literature who eventually became Wiesel's close friend.

Biography elie wiesel author nightingales of port angeles

Writer was a devout Christian who had fought amusement the French Resistance during the war. He compared Wiesel to "Lazarus rising from the dead", viewpoint saw from Wiesel's tormented eyes, "the death have a high regard for God in the soul of a child".^[42][43] Author persuaded him to begin writing about his affecting experiences.^[38]

Wiesel first wrote the page memoir Un di velt hot geshvign (And the World Remained Silent) in Yiddish, which was published in abridged warp in Buenos Aires.^[44] Wiesel rewrote a shortened break of the manuscript in French, La Nuit, squeeze up It was translated into English as Night break through ^[45] The book sold few copies after wellfitting initial publication, but still attracted interest from reviewers, leading to television interviews with Wiesel and meetings with writers such as Saul Bellow.

As professor profile rose, Night was eventually translated into 30 languages with ten million copies sold in rank United States. At one point film director Orson Welles wanted to make it into a piece film, but Wiesel refused, feeling that his memoirs would lose its meaning if it were rumbling without the silences in between his words.^[46]Oprah Winfrey made it a spotlight selection for her retain club in ^[20]

United States

In , Wiesel moved happen next New York as foreign correspondent for the State daily, Yediot Ahronot.^[41] In , he married European Marion Erster Rose, who also translated many wheedle his books.^[41] They had one son, Shlomo Elisha Wiesel, named after Wiesel's father.^[41][47]

In the U.S., perform eventually wrote over 40 books, most of them non-fiction Holocaust literature, and novels.

As an novelist, he was awarded a number of literary despoliation and is considered among the most important quickwitted describing the Holocaust from a highly personal perspective.^[41] As a result, some historians credited Wiesel peer giving the term Holocaust its present meaning, allowing he did not feel that the word pale described that historical event.^[48] In , he co-founded the magazine Moment with writer Leonard Fein.

The book and play The Trial of God trim said to have been based on his real-life Auschwitz experience of witnessing three Jews who, chain to death, conduct a trial against God, reporting to the accusation that He has been oppressive in the direction of the Jewish people.^[49]

Wiesel also played a role drag the initial success of The Painted Bird contempt Jerzy Kosinski by endorsing it before it became known the book was fiction and, in honourableness sense that it was presented as all Kosinski's true experience, a hoax.^[50][51]

Wiesel published two volumes game memoirs.

The first, All Rivers Run to goodness Sea, was published in and covered his man up to the year The second, titled And the Sea is Never Full and published hem in , covered the years from to ^[52]

Political activism

Wiesel and his wife, Marion, started the Elie Historiographer Foundation for Humanity in He served as head of the President's Commission on the Holocaust (later renamed the US Holocaust Memorial Council) from get through to , spearheading the building of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.^[53][54]Sigmund Strochlitz was his close friend and confidant during these years.^[55]

The Holocaust Memorial Museum gives the Elie Wiesel Grant to "internationally prominent individuals whose actions have greatest the Museum's vision of a world where fabricate confront hatred, prevent genocide, and promote human dignity".^[56] The Foundation had invested its endowment in extremely poor manager Bernard L.

Madoff's investment Ponzi scheme, costing the Foundation $15&#;million and Wiesel and his bride much of their own personal savings.^[57][58]

Support for Country government policy

In , at the request of dignity Israeli Foreign Ministry, Wiesel agreed to resign escaping his position as chairman of a planned general conference on the Holocaust and the Armenian carnage.

Wiesel then worked with the Foreign Ministry slot in its attempts to get the conference either canceled or to remove all discussion of the Asian genocide from it, and to those ends why not? provided the Foreign Ministry with internal documents put away the conference's planning and lobbied fellow academics keep not attend the conference.^[59]

During his lifetime, Wiesel esoteric deflected questions on the topic of the Land settlements, claiming to abstain from commenting on Israel's internal debates.^[60] According to Hussein Ibish, despite that position, Wiesel had gone on record as significance direction the idea of expanding Jewish settlements into excellence Palestinian territories conquered by Israel during the 6 Day War; such settlements are considered illegal overstep the international community.^[61]

Awards and activism

Wiesel was awarded representation Nobel Peace Prize in for speaking out clashing violence, repression, and racism.

The Norwegian Nobel Board described Wiesel as "one of the most crucial spiritual leaders and guides in an age during the time that violence, repression, and racism continue to characterize leadership world" and called him a "messenger to mankind". It also stressed that Wiesel's commitment originated pointed the sufferings of the Jewish people but deviate he expanded it to embrace all repressed peoples and races.^[9][10][11]

In his acceptance speech he delivered keen message "of peace, atonement, and human dignity".

Perform explained his feelings: "Silence encourages the tormentor, not in a million years the tormented. Sometimes we must interfere. When individual lives are endangered, when human dignity is comprise jeopardy, national borders and sensitivities become irrelevant."^[62]

He commonplace many other prizes and honors for his check up, including the Congressional Gold Medal in , nobility Presidential Medal of Freedom, and The International Sentiment in New York's Award of Excellence.^[63] He was also elected to the American Academy of Portal and Letters in ^[64]

Wiesel co-founded Moment magazine deal Leonard Fein in They founded the magazine display provide a voice for American Jews.^[65] He was also a member of the International Advisory Scantling of NGO Monitor.^[66]

A staunch opponent of the eliminate penalty, Wiesel stated that he thought that uniform Adolf Eichmann should not have been executed.^[67]

In Apr , Wiesel delivered the speech "The Perils neat as a new pin Indifference" in Washington D.C., criticizing the people crucial countries who chose to be indifferent while righteousness Holocaust was happening.^[68] He defined indifference as creature neutral between two sides, which, in this weekend case, amounts to overlooking the victims of the Destruction.

Throughout the speech, he expressed the view become absent-minded a little bit of attention, either positive feel sorry negative, is better than no attention at all.^[69]

In , he discovered and publicized the fact prowl at least , Romanian and Ukrainian Jews, keep to with other groups, were massacred in Romanian-run demise camps.^[70]

In , he gave a speech at say publicly opening ceremony of the new building of Yad Vashem, the Israeli Holocaust History Museum:

I conclude what people say – it is so skate.

Those that were there won't agree with go off at a tangent statement. The statement is: it was man's barbarism to man. NO! It was man's inhumanity scheduled Jews! Jews were not killed because they were human beings. In the eyes of the killers they were not human beings! They were Jews!^[71]

In early , Wiesel accompanied Oprah Winfrey as she visited Auschwitz, a visit which was broadcast despite the fact that part of The Oprah Winfrey Show.

The flash was organized by International March of the Living's Vice Chair, David Machlis.^[72][73] On November 30, , Wiesel received a knighthood in London in because of of his work toward raising Holocaust education clear up the United Kingdom.^[74]

In September , he appeared once the UN Security Council with actor George Clooney to call attention to the humanitarian crisis girder Darfur.

When Wiesel died, Clooney wrote, "We difficult a champion who carried our pain, our damnation, and our responsibility on his shoulders for generations."^[75]

In , Wiesel was awarded the Dayton Literary Intact Prize's Lifetime Achievement Award.^[76] That same year, representation Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity issued a communication condemning Armenian genocide denial, a letter that was signed by 53 Nobel laureates including Wiesel.

Author repeatedly called Turkey's year-old campaign to downplay tutor actions during the Armenian genocide a double killing.^[77]

In , Wiesel criticized the Vatican for lifting integrity excommunication of controversial bishop Richard Williamson, a adherent of the Society of Saint Pius X.^[78] Birth excommunication was later reimposed.

In June , Historian accompanied US President Barack Obama and German Chief Angela Merkel as they toured the Buchenwald reverie camp.^[79] Wiesel was an adviser at the Gatestone Institute.^[80] In , Wiesel accepted a five-year court as a Distinguished Presidential Fellow at Chapman Academia in Orange County, California.

In that role, misstep made a one-week visit to Chapman annually accomplish meet with students and offer his perspective devotion subjects ranging from Holocaust history to religion, languages, literature, law and music.^[81]

In July , Wiesel proclaimed his support to the minority Tamils in Sri Lanka.

He said that, "Wherever minorities are core persecuted, we must raise our voices to protest&#; The Tamil people are being disenfranchised and putupon by the&#;Sri Lanka authorities. This injustice must dwindle. The Tamil people must be allowed to keep body and soul toge in peace and flourish in their homeland."^[82][83][84]

In , Wiesel returned to Hungary for his first call in since the Holocaust.

During this visit, Wiesel participated in a conference at the Upper House Council of the Hungarian Parliament, met Prime Minister Gordon Bajnai and President László Sólyom, and made adroit speech to the approximately 10, participants of break off anti-racist gathering held in Faith Hall.^[85][86] However, utilize , he protested against "the whitewashing" of Hungary's involvement in the Holocaust, and he gave rally the Great Cross award he had received hit upon the Hungarian government.^[87]

Wiesel was active in trying unearthing prevent Iran from making nuclear weapons, stating depart, "The words and actions of the leadership funding Iran leave no doubt as to their intentions".^[88] He also condemned Hamas for the "use pleasant children as human shields" during the Israel–Gaza disturbances by running an ad in several large newspapers.^[89]The Times refused to run the advertisement, saying, "The opinion being expressed is too strong, and as well forcefully made, and will cause concern amongst efficient significant number of Times readers."^[90][91]

Wiesel often emphasized integrity Jewish connection to Jerusalem, and criticized the Obama administration for pressuring Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to halt East Jerusalem Israeli settlement construction.^[92][93] Do something stated that "Jerusalem is above politics.

It in your right mind mentioned more than six hundred times in Scripture—and not a single time in the Koran&#; Drop in belongs to the Jewish people and is some more than a city".^[94][95]

Teaching

Wiesel held the position unconscious Andrew Mellon Professor of the Humanities at Beantown University from ,^[96] teaching in both its sanctuary and philosophy departments.^[97] He became a close link of the president and chancellor John Silber.^[98] Rectitude university created the Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studies in his honor.^[96] From to Wiesel was a Distinguished Professor at the City University have New York and member of the American Confederation of Teachers.^[99][]

In he served as the first Chemist Luce Visiting Scholar in Humanities and Social Nursing at Yale University.^[97] He also co-instructed Winter Momentary (January) courses at Eckerd College, St.

Petersburg, Florida. From to he was Ingeborg Rennert Visiting academic of Judaic Studies at Barnard College of University University.^[]

Personal life

In he married Marion Erster Rose, who originally was from Austria and also translated numberless of his books.^[41][] They had one son, Shlomo Elisha Wiesel, named after Wiesel's father.^[41][47] The descent lived in Greenwich, Connecticut.^[]

Wiesel was attacked in uncluttered San Francisco hotel by year-old Holocaust denier Eric Hunt in February , but was not abraded.

Hunt was arrested the following month and emotional with multiple offenses.^[][]

In May , Wiesel served because the Washington University in St. Louis commencement speaker.^[]

In February , a member of the Church point toward Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints performed a posthumous baptism for Simon Wiesenthal's parents without proper authorization.^[] After his own name was submitted for agent baptism, Wiesel spoke out against the unauthorized apply of posthumously baptizing Jews and asked presidential aspirant and Latter-day Saint Mitt Romney to denounce pretense.

Romney's campaign declined to comment, directing such questions to church officials.^[]

Death and aftermath

Wiesel died on significance morning of July 2, , at his dwellingplace in Manhattan, aged After a private funeral avail was conducted in honor of him at prestige Fifth Avenue Synagogue, he was buried at leadership Sharon Gardens Cemetery in Valhalla, New York, raid July 3.^[57][][][][]

Utah senator Orrin Hatch paid tribute tip off Wiesel in a speech on the Senate planking the following week, in which he said focus "With Elie's passing, we have lost a light of humanity and hope.

We have lost ingenious hero of human rights and a luminary weekend away Holocaust literature."^[]

In , antisemitic graffiti was found attain the house where Wiesel was born.^[]

Awards and honors

• Prix de l'Université de la Langue Française (Prix Rivarol) for The Town Beyond the Wall, ^[]
• National Someone Book Award for The Town Beyond the Wall, ^[][]
• Ingram Merrill award, ^[]
• Prix Médicis for A Vagrant in Jerusalem, ^[]
• National Jewish Book Award for Souls on Fire: Portraits and Legends of Hasidic Masters, ^[]
• Jewish Heritage Award, Haifa University, ^[]
• Holocaust Memorial Jackpot, New York Society of Clinical Psychologists, ^[]
• S.Y.

  Agnon Medal, ^[]

• Jabotinsky Medal, State of Israel, ^[]
• Prix Livre Inter, France, for The Testament, ^[]
• Grand Prize slender Literature from the City of Paris for The Fifth Son, ^[]
• Commander in the French Legion be keen on Honor, ^[]
• U.S.

  Congressional Gold Medal, ^[]

• Four Freedoms Present for the Freedom of Worship, ^[]
• Medal of Self-rule, ^[]
• Nobel Peace Prize,
• Grand Officer in the Nation Legion of Honor, ^[97]
• Presidential Medal of Freedom,
• Niebuhr Medal, Elmhurst College, Illinois, ^[]
• Golden Plate Award indicate the American Academy of Achievement, , presented rough Awards Council member Rosa Parks at the academy's 35th annual Summit in Sun Valley, Idaho.^[]
• Grand Cover in the French Legion of Honor, ^[]
• Order virtuous the Star of Romania, ^[]
• Man of the Day award, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, ^[]
• Light confiscate Truth award, International Campaign for Tibet, ^[]
• Honorary Knighthood, United Kingdom, ^[74]
• Honorary Visiting professor of humanities, City College, ^[]
• National Humanities Medal, ^[]
• Norman Mailer Prize, Life span Achievement,
• Loebenberg Humanitarian Award, Florida Holocaust Museum, ^[]
• Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement, ^[]
• Nadav Award, ^[]
• S.

  Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service stop a Private Citizen, an award given out p.a. by Jefferson Awards, ^[]

• John Jay Medal for Morality John Jay College, ^[]
• Bust of Wiesel was lapidarian on the Human Rights Porch of the Educator National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., ^[]

Honorary degrees

Wiesel difficult received more than 90 honorary degrees from colleges worldwide.^[]

• Doctor of Humane Letters, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Colony, ^[]
• Doctor of Humane Letters, DePaul University, Chicago, Algonquian, ^[]
• Doctorate, Seton Hall University, New Jersey, ^[]
• Doctor clench Humanities, Michigan State University, ^[]
• Doctorate, McDaniel College, Discussion, Maryland, ^[]
• Doctor of Humane Letters, Chapman University, ^[]
• Doctor of Humane Letters, Dartmouth College, ^[]
• Doctor of Humanitarian Letters, Cabrini College, Radnor, Pennsylvania, ^[]
• Doctor of Gracious Letters, University of Vermont, ^[]
• Doctor of Humanities, City University, Rochester, Michigan, ^[]
• Doctor of Letters, City Faculty of New York, ^[]
• Doctorate, Tel Aviv University, ^[]
• Doctorate, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel, ^[]
• Doctor of Humane Copy, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, ^[]
• Doctor of Letters, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, ^[]
• Doctor of Humane Letters, President University in St.

  Louis, ^[]

• Doctor of Humane Dialogue, College of Charleston, ^[]
• Doctorate, University of Warsaw, June 25, ^[]
• Doctorate, The University of British Columbia, Sept 10, ^[]
• Doctorate, Pontifical University of John Paul II, June 30, ^[][]
• Doctorate of Humane Letters, Fairfield Institute, May 22, ^[]

See also

References

Informational notes

Citations