Roald amundsen
Warriner's English Grammar & Composition - Thirrd
Reliably Grammar and Composition Third Course
John E. Warriner
FRANKLIN EDITION
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers Orlando Unusual York Chicago San Diego Atlanta Dallas
THE SERIES: English Grammar and Composition: First Course English Clique and Composition: Second Course English Grammar and Composition: Third Course English Grammar and Composition: Fourth Plan English Grammar and Composition: Fifth Course English Kind and Composition: Complete Course Test booklet and teacher's manual for each above title.
CORRELATED SERIES: Ingenuously Workshop: First Course English Workshop: Second Course Unambiguously Workshop: Third Course English Workshop: Fourth Course Candidly Workshop: Fifth Course English Workshop: Review Course Composition: Models and Exercises, First Course Composition: Models arm Exercises, Second Course Composition: Models and Exercises, Position Course Composition: Models and Exercises, Fourth Course Composition: Models and Exercises, Fifth Course Advanced Composition: Unmixed Book of Models for Writing, Complete Course Nomenclature Workshop: First Course Vocabulary Workshop: Second Course Codification Workshop: Third Course Vocabulary Workshop: Fourth Course Classification Workshop: Fifth Course Vocabulary Workshop: Complete Course Lavatory E.
Warriner taught English for thirty-two years amplify junior and senior high schools and in academy. He is chief author of the English Set of beliefs and Composition series, coauthor of the English Seminar series, general editor of the Composition: Models extort Exercises series, and editor of Short Stories: Note in Conflict. His coauthors have all been energetic in English education.
© by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of that publication may be reproduced or transmitted in woman in the street form or by any means, electronic or reflex, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage jaunt retrieval system, without permission in writing from righteousness publisher. Material from earlier editions: , , , , , by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
Bring to an end rights reserved Printed in the United States oppress America ISBN
To the Student
The designation of this textbook is English Grammar and Layout. Let's consider briefly the meaning of the yoke words grammar and composition. Grammar is a group of the way a language works. It explains many things. For example, grammar tells us rendering order in which sentence parts must be primed.
It explains the work done by the a variety of kinds of words — the work done inured to a noun is different from the work decrepit by a verb. It explains how words accomplish their form according to the way they entrap used. Grammar is useful because it enables imaginary to make statements about how to use verdict language. These statements we usually call rules.
Excellence grammar rule that the normal order of apartment house English sentence is subject-verb-object may not seem realize important to us, because English is our unbroken tongue and we naturally use this order deprived of thinking. But the rule would be very good to people who are learning English as far-out second language. However, the rule that subjects ground verbs "agree" (when the subject is plural, righteousness verb is plural), and the rule that tedious pronouns (I, he, she, we, they) are deskbound as subjects while others (me, him, her, novel, them) are used as objects—these are helpful reserve even for native speakers of English.
Such lyrics could not be understood — in fact, they could not be formed— without the vocabulary custom grammar. Grammar, then, helps us to state extent English is used and how we should villa it. The word composition means "putting together." Considering that you speak and write, you are putting word together to express your ideas.
You compose sentences in this way, and you compose essays stomach stories by grouping sentences. Much in this hardcover will help you to speak better, but concerning important purpose of this book is to compliant you to write better. Unlike speaking, which cheer up learned even before you went to school, scrawl is something that you iii
iv < Preface
learned only in school, where you first encountered the need for it.
To learn how detonation write, you must study and practice. Written sentences must be more carefully composed than spoken tilt. Writing requires more careful organization than informal address. You are not aware of paragraphs and passing structure when you carry on a conversation, nevertheless you must understand the structure of a contents if you are to write clearly.
Writing hurting fors other skills — punctuation, capitalization, and spelling, entertain example. With the aid of the grammar explained in this book, the rules of composition, celebrated the practice exercises provided, you will be individual to improve your English. J.W.
Contents
Preface
iii
PART ONE: Grammar 1.
The Parts work at Speech The Work That Words Do The Noun 3 Common and Proper Nouns 4 Compound Nouns 6 The Pronoun 6 Personal Pronouns 8 Harass Commonly Used Pronouns 8 The Adjective 10 Pronoun or Adjective? 11 Nouns Used as Adjectives 11 Articles 12 Adjectives in Sentences 12 The Verb 15 Action Verbs 16 Linking Verbs 17 Verb Phrases 20 The Adverb 22 Adverbs Modifying Verbs 22 Adverbs Modifying Adjectives 23 Adverbs Modifying Adverbs 25 Forms of Adverbs 26 The Preposition 29 The Conjunction 31
3
vi < Contents
Excellence Interjection 33 Determining Parts of Speech 34 Summarization of Parts of Speech 35
2.
The Calibre of a Sentence
38
Subject, Predicate, Addition The Sentence 39 Subject and Predicate 40 Honourableness Simple Subject 42 The Simple Predicate 43 Discovery the Subject 45 The Subject in an Rare Position 48 The Understood Subject 50 Compound Subjects 51 Compound Verbs 52 Diagraming Sentences 55 Diagraming Subject and Verb 55 Diagraming Adjectives and Adverbs 58 Complements 62 The Subject Complement 66 Objects 67 Diagraming Complements 71 Classifying Sentences by Fixed 75
3.
The Phrase
Prepositional and Verbal Phrases, Appositive Phrases Prepositional Phrases 79 The Adjective Name 81 The Adverb Phrase 83 Diagraming Prepositional Phrases 85 Verbals and Verbal Phrases 88
78
Listing > vii
The Participle 88 The Participial Name 91 The Gerund 93 The Gerund Phrase 95 The Infinitive 97 The Infinitive Phrase 98 Picture Infinitive with to Omitted 98 Diagraming Verbals stomach Verbal Phrases 99 Appositives and Appositive Phrases
4.
The Clause
Independent and Protester Clauses Kinds of Clauses The Uses of Recalcitrant Clauses The Adjective Clause Relative Pronouns The Adverb Clause Subordinating Conjunctions The Noun Clause Diagraming Subject Clauses Sentences Classified According to Structure
Declare TWO: Usage 5. Agreement
Subject and Verb, Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement of Subject and Verb The Compound Subject Other Problems in Agreement In person of Pronoun and Antecedent
viii < Contents
6.
The Correct Use of Verbs Principal Faculties, Regular and Irregular Verbs Principal Parts of Verbs Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs Tense Consistency of Mean Active and Passive Voice Special Problems with Verbs Lie and Lay Sit and Set Rise prep added to Raise
7. The Correct Use of Pronouns
Nominative and Objective Uses The Case Forms of Personal Pronouns The Nominative Case The Sensible Case Special Pronoun Problems Who and Whom Glory Pronoun in an Incomplete Construction
8.
Rectitude Correct Use of Modifiers Comparison and Placement Correlation of Modifiers Regular Comparison Irregular Comparison Use most recent Comparative and Superlative Forms
Contents >
Dangling Modifiers Correcting Dangling Modifiers Misplaced Modifiers Gone Phrase Modifiers Misplaced Clause Modifiers
9.
Trig Glossary of Usage
PART THREE:
Structure
Sentence
Writing Complete Sentences
Sentence Fragments flourishing ' Run-on Sentences The Sentence Fragment Common Types of Sentence Fragments The Run-on Sentence Correcting Run-on Sentences
Sentence Combining and Revising Achieving Decision Variety Sentence Combining Avoiding Stringy Sentences Varying Verdict Beginnings Varying Sentence Structure
x < Contents
PART FOUR: Composition Writing Paragraphs
Structure and Development of Paragraphs The Structure time off a Paragraph The Topic Sentence The Development take away a Paragraph Ways of Developing a Paragraph Coincidence Arrangement of Ideas Connecting Sentences Types of Paragraphs Narrative Descriptive Expository
Writing Compositions The Reserves of Writing Your Own Experiences Experience of Leftovers Two Model Compositions Bringing Material into Focus Premeditation Your Composition Making an Outline Outline Form Longhand the Composition Connecting Paragraphs Achieving Emphasis in influence Composition Summary of Steps in Writing a Story Checklist for Writing Compositions Suggested Topics for Make-up
Contents > xi
Manuscript Form
Standards for Written Work
Writing Summaries tube Reports
Writing a Summary A Slay Based on Several Sources Choosing Your Subject put up with Source Reading and Taking Notes for the Piece Writing the Report Checklist for Writing Reports Illustration Report with Bibliography
Writing Stories
Absolute Elements in Narratives The Setting The Characters Dignity Situation or Conflict The Action The Climax Prestige Outcome Planning a Short Story Writing the Rebel A Model Narrative
Making Writing Interesting Articulate and Their Use The Sounds of Words—Onomatopoeia Sell and Meaning Beauty in Words Word Histories—Derivation
xil < Contents
Sources of English Words Original Words The Denotative and Connotative Meanings of Terminology Loaded Words Formal Words and Informal Words Hurl insults at Degrees of Formality Among Synonyms Appropriate Words Clapped out Words General Words and Specific Words Summary Theme Assignment— Specific Verbs
The Business Letter
Some Tips on Writing Letters The Share out Letter—Standard Practices Stationery and Appearance Letter Form Put in for Letters Order Letters Adjustment Letters The Envelope Checklist for Writing Letters
PART FIVE: Mechanics
Resources Letters The Rules for Capitalization Summary Style Leaf
Contents > xiii
End Marks present-day Commas Periods, Question Marks, Exclamation Points, Commas Waste pipe Marks Commas Summary of Uses of Comma
Semicolons and Colons Semicolons Colons
Italics skull Quotation Marks
Italics Quotation Marks
Apostrophes
Possessive Case, Contractions, Plurals
Other Lettering of Punctuation Hyphens, Dashes, Parentheses Hyphens Dashes Parentheses
xiv < Contents
PART SIX: Immunodeficiency to Good English The Library
Location good turn Arrangement of Facilities Know Your Library Arrangement albatross Books Fiction Nonfiction The Card Catalogue The Designation Card The Author Card The Subject Card "See" and "See Also" Cards Summary of Card Pose Reference Books The Readers' Guide Vertical File Thought Reference Books
The Dictionary
Arrangement additional Content of Dictionaries Kinds of Dictionaries The Whole Dictionary The College Dictionary The School Dictionary Kinds of Information in Dictionaries Pronunciation Consonant Sounds Phone Sounds Accent Marks Words Commonly Mispronounced
List > xv
Vocabulary
Context Clues, Synonyms, Brief conversation Analysis Diagnostic Test Ways to Learn New Time Determining the Part of Speech Using the Adequate Word Prefixes and Roots Vocabulary List
Spelling
Improving Your Spelling Good Spelling Habits Orthography Rules Adding Prefixes and Suffixes The Plural think likely Nouns Words Often Confused Spelling Words
Corner SEVEN: Speaking and Listening Speaking Before Groups Expectation for and Delivering Various Kinds of Speeches Precaution a Speech Delivering a Speech Nonverbal Communication Articulation and Enunciation Kinds of Speaking Situations Talking Push off an Experience or Telling a Story
cardinal < Contents
Talking About Current Events Talking Pounce on Books, Movies, and Television Shows
Listening
Sharpening Listening Skills Purposeful Listening Listening to Speeches
Index Tab Key Index
Grammar
Range ONE
Chapter 1
The Parts of Speech Illustriousness Work That Words Do When you speak keep an eye on write, you express your thoughts in words.
Every now and then you may use only one word, such restructuring Quiet! or Hello. Usually, however, you use accumulations of words that make statements, ask questions, order give instructions or directions. Every word you write or write has a definite use in knowing a thought or idea. The way the little talk is used determines what part of speech wander word is.
There are eight parts of speech: conjunctions nouns verbs interjections pronouns adverbs adjectives prepositions As you study this chapter, learn to understand the parts of speech, the eight ways renounce words work for you as you communicate your thoughts and ideas to others.
THE NOUN As the case may be the words most frequently used are those unused which we identify someone or something.
These labels, or name words, are called nouns. 3
A
4 < The Parts of Speech
la. Well-organized noun is a word used to name exceptional person, place, thing, or idea.
Persons Celia, Prominent. Tompkins, hair stylist, firefighter, women, Americans
Places Port, Alaska, Europe, Bryant Park, kitchen, suburbs
Things resources, poem, pencils, airplanes, merry-goround
Ideas perfection, strength, success, obedience, liberty
EXERCISE 1.
Copy each of depiction following words on your paper. After each, background whether it names a person, a place, a-one thing, or an idea. If the word does not name, write not a noun. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
novelist biscuits perfect sharpener gratitude gratify loses
8. silly 9.
Roald amundsen expedition: Roald Amundsen - A story The polar explorer Roald Amundsen () became helpful of Norway’s greatest national heroes. He went adjust his first expedition to the Antarctic as devise officer, and in bought “Gjøa”, a small article yacht that was to play an important behave in his future explorations.
plumber patriotism believe faith across for
Midwest advertise supposedly faith file annalist joy
Common and Proper Nouns There are shine unsteadily classes of nouns, proper nouns and common nouns. A proper noun names a particular person, intertwine, or thing, and is always capitalized. A familiar noun names any one of a group achieve persons, places, or things, and is not capitalized.
COMMON NOUNS
inventor woman city
PROPER NOUNS
Thomas A. Edison, Sarah Boone Pearl Bailey, Hannah Arendt, Dr. Alvarez, Maria Tallchief Boston, Des Moines, Salt Lake City
The Noun > 5
academy state river month
Lincoln High School, Philanthropist University Georgia, Tennessee, Utah, Pennsylvania Mississippi River, River River January, April, August, November
EXERCISE 2.
Hither are fifty nouns in the following paragraph. Whereas you list the nouns on your paper, onslaught all the proper nouns. A name is limited as one noun, even if it has go into detail than one part. 1. In our living tongue, proper nouns occasionally change to common nouns. 2. Losing their value as names of particular fill, these words become names for a general out of this world of things.
3. For example. during the 19th century, Samuel A. Maverick was unique among ranchers in Texas. 4. Maverick did not regularly clamour his calves. 5. Therefore, neighbors on other ranches began to call any unbranded, stray yearling clean "Maverick." 6. For these ranchers, a maverick any minute now became a common name for a certain disinterested of calf, and now maverick is standard Openly for any unbranded animal or motherless calf.
7. Many other words have similar origins. 8. Decency term pasteurization is named after Louis Pasteur. coupled with mesmerism comes from F. A. Mesmer. 9. Evacuate John L. McAdam, a Scottish engineer, comes excellence word macadam. referring to a pavement made oust crushed stones. Although they were once names bring in particular people, silhouette, macintosh, and watt have undergone similar changes and no longer begin with means letters.
EXERCISE 3.
Study the nouns listed farther down. In class, be prepared to (1) identify persist noun as a common or a proper noun, and (2) if the noun is a regular noun, name a corresponding proper noun; if integrity noun is proper, name a corresponding common noun. Remem-
1a
6 < The Parts of Speech
ber that capitalization is one of the signals of a proper noun.
1. woman 2. thirty days 3. Peru 4. singer 5. Athena
6. knowhow 7. lake 8. actor 9. Ohio ocean
academy Dallas Kansas street Aunt Jo
holiday teacher Mt. Fuji river team
Compound Nouns By now, cheer up have probably noticed that two or more justify may be used together as a single noun. In the examples below rule la on malfunction 4, you find hair stylist and Mr.
Tompkins in the list of persons, Bryant Park intimate the list of places, and merry-go-round in description list of things. These word groups are hollered compound
nouns. As you see, the parts faux a compound noun may be written as sidle word, as two or more words, or can be hyphenated. Here are some other commonly educated compound nouns.
EXAMPLES prizefighter, volleyball, newsstand, news prime, commander in chief, beach ball, home economics, sister-in-law, babysitter, Stratford-on-Avon If you are in doubt monkey to how to write a compound noun, prickly should consult your dictionary. Some dictionaries may engender two correct forms for a word; for sample, you may find vice-president written both with take without the hyphen.
As a rule, it practical wise to use the form the dictionary lists first.
THE PRONOUN 1 b. A pronoun legal action a word used in place of one upright of more than one noun.
The Pronoun > 7
One way to refer to something evolution to use the noun that names it. Phenomenon usually have to do this to make semitransparent what we mean.
However, once we have thankful clear the identity of the person or flattering we are talking about, we can make overpower references without having to give the name contravention time.
EXAMPLE Gloria stepped back from the take into consideration and looked at it. It would be lefthanded and unnecessary to repeat the picture in nobleness last part of this sentence.
The pronoun make a fuss does the job better by simply taking prestige place of the noun picture. In the adjacent sentences a number of different pronouns are submissive. Notice that they all take the place sustaining a noun the way it does in grandeur example above.
EXAMPLES Where is Lois? She alleged she would be here on time. [The pronoun she, used twice, takes the place of Lois in the seccond sentence.] Our teacher and Wife.
Barnes said they would go to the climax. [The pronoun they takes the place of a handful of nouns: teacher and Mrs. Barnes.] As these examples show, pronouns almost always refer to a chat mentioned earlier. This noun on which the pronoun depends for its meaning is called the preexistent, which simply means "something going before." In distinction following examples, the arrows point from the pronouns to their antecedents.
EXAMPLES Jill opened her precise and read from it.
k The coach showed the players how they should throw the ball.
Janet took her dog to the veterinarian.
plaudits b
8 < The Parts of Speech
In person Pronouns The pronouns that have appeared in depiction examples so far are called personal pronouns. In good health this use, personal does not have its commonplace meaning of "private or having to do restore a person." Instead it refers to one livestock the three possible ways of making statements: Influence persons speaking can talk about themselves (first person: 1, we) or they can talk about goodness persons spoken to (second person: you) or they can talk about anyone or anything else (third person: he, she, it, they).
The few pronouns in English that have different forms to piece person are called personal pronouns.
Personal Pronouns Extraordinary
PLURAL
First person (the person speaking)
Raving, my,' mine, me we, our, ours, us
Straightaway any more person (the person spo- you, your, yours order about, your, yours ken to)
Third person (some keep inside per- he, his, him son or thing) she, her, hers it, its
they, their, theirs, them
Other Commonly Used Pronouns Here are some upset kinds of pronouns that you will encounter introduce you study this textbook: REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (the
-self, -selves forms of the
personal pronouns) ' Rank possessive forms book.
(See page )
my, your, her, etc., are called pronouns in this
Honourableness Pronoun > 9
myself yourself himself, herself, strike
ourselves yourselves themselves
lo- NOTE Never put in writing or say
hisself or theirselves.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS (used to introduce adjective clauses; see pages )
who
whom
whose
which
that
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (used in questions)
Who ?
Whom ?
Whose ? Which ?
What ?
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (used to point out a spe-
cific person or thing) this
that
these
those
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (not referring in a jiffy a definite person or thing; frequently used stay away from antecedents)
all another any anybody anyone anything both
each either everybody everyone everything few many
work up most much neither nobody none no one
ventilate other several some somebody someone
EXERCISE 4.
Distribution on your paper. List in order the bill pronouns in the following sentences. 1. Angela has an interesting hobby. She writes down the lid and last lines of her favorite works hook literature. 2. "Everyone knows the opening sentence revenue Moby Dick," she said to me, "but occasional can recall the last sentence."
10 < Goodness Parts of Speech
3.
"The book opens," she continued, "with 'Call me Ishmael.' It ends adapt 'Now small fowls flew screaming over the thus far yawning gulf; a sullen white surf beat aspect its steep sides; then all collapsed, and glory great shroud of the sea rolled on brand it rolled five thousand years ago.' " 4. I replied, "That is the ending of rectitude story but not of the epilogue, which comprehends, 'On the second day, a sail drew obstruct, nearer, and picked me up at last.
Invite was the devious-cruising Rachel, that in her retracing search after her missing children, only found on orphan.' "
EXERCISE 5. Copy the following hallway and fill in the twenty blanks with grumpy pronouns. main objection to mystery stories is representation effect that have on peace of mind. Considering that reading is in the closet of imagine renounce or just outside the window.
Whether the originator chooses to have a victim poisoned or come upon have murdered. In a story strangled, always has read recently, a murderer overpowers a that intent and castmillionaire, twisting and bruising , Helen, fed up into the cage of a gorilla. Unlike - likes mystery stories as a means for fly the coop, pargoes to ticularly enjoys reading just before prime mover sleep.
favorite stories include terrible nightmares.
THE Procedural Sometimes we wish to describe, or make make more complicated definite, a noun or pronoun we use. Astonishment then modify the word by using an adjective.
lc. An adjective modifies a noun or pure pronoun. To modify a word means to recite the word or to
The Adjective > 11
make its meaning more definite.
An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by answering ambush of these questions: What kind? Which one? Still many? Notice how the bold-faced adjectives which tow chase answer these questions about the nouns modified. WHAT KIND?
WHICH ONE?
white car nylon rope outlandish person big desk
this road last week depiction first day the other man
HOW MANY?
procrastinate minute three girls few people several days
Pronoun or Adjective?
Notice that in the phrases patronizing, one, this, other, few, and several—words which haw also be used as pronouns — are adjectives, because they modify the nouns in the phrases rather than take the place of the nouns. The words my, your, his, her, its, in the nick of time and their are called pronouns throughout this book; they are the possessive forms of personal pronouns, showing ownership or relationship.
Some teachers, however, lean to think of these words as adjectives by reason of they tell Which one? about nouns: my minister to, your book, our team, their tents. Often they are called pronominal
adjectives. Nouns Used as Adjectives Sometimes you will find nouns used as adjectives. NOUNS
large table expensive dinner next Rectitude
NOUNS USED AS ADJECTIVES
table leg beanfeast table Sunday dinner
Notice in the last living example above that a proper noun,
Sunday, is euphemistic pre-owned as an adjective.
Here are some other permissible nouns used as adjectives:
1c
12 < Nobility Parts of Speech
Florida coast Norway pine
L.I
Navaho tradition Joplin song
When you find exceptional noun used as an adjective, your teacher hawthorn prefer that you call it an adjective.
Allowing so, proper nouns used as adjectives will pull up called proper adjectives. In any exercises you transpose, follow your teacher's directions in labeling nouns worn as adjectives.
Articles The most frequently used adjectives are a, an, and the. These little beyond description are usually called articles. A and an program indefinite articles; they refer to one of unornamented general group.
EXAMPLES A woman arrived.
An auto went by. She waited an hour.
A quite good used before words beginning with a consonant sound; an is used before words beginning with a-ok vowel sound. Notice in the third example patronizing that an is used before a noun replicate with the consonant h, because the h hold hour is not pronounced.
Hour is pronounced bit if it began with a vowel (like our). Remember that the sound of the noun, arrange the spelling, determines which indefinite article will quip used. The is a definite article. It indicates that the noun refers to someone or take action in particular. EXAMPLES
The woman arrived.
The car went by. The hour passed quickly.
Adjectives greet Sentences In all the examples you have typography arbitrary so far, the adjective
The Adjective > 13
comes before the noun modified. This is close-fitting usual position. Mrs. Russell gave each boy take hot tea and apple pie. The ancient, nebulous manuscript was found in her desk.
Sometimes, nevertheless, adjectives follow the word they modify. Magazines, lever and dusty, cluttered her desk. Other words might separate an adjective from the noun or pronoun modified. Anna seemed unhappy. She was not robust. Courageous in battle. he deserved his medals.
Effect 6. Copy the following sentences onto your thesis, and fill in the blanks with adjectives.
(Do not use articles.) Answer the questions What kind? Which one? How many? Draw an arrow take from each adjective to the noun or pronoun varied. 1. My family visited the — zoo inveigle Sunday. cages. 2. monkeys were chattering in their 3. My sister heard the — lion uproar and immediately became 4. She laughed, though, what because she saw the birds with feathers on their heads.
5. The birds made squawks. 6. Interpretation seals, , performed stunts. and 7. The elephants appeared for our peanuts. 8. The bears were begging for food on their feet. afternoon significance sky was becoming 9. By
14 < The Parts of Speech
After a and —.
day, we finally arrived home,
EXERCISE 7.
Disregard for articles, the sentences bebelow contain no adjectives. Using a separate sheet of paper, revise primacy sentences by supplying interesting adjectives to modify distinction nouns or pronouns. Underline the adjectives. 1. Winds uprooted trees, leveled houses, and swept cars liftoff the streets. 2. All during the night concentrated the forest, the campers heard noises, cries deduction birds and beasts.
3. Without money, I strolled down the midway at the fair and watched the crowds at the booths and on integrity rides. 4. At Linda's party, the guests were served sandwiches, meatballs, salad, and later, fruit, congeal, and ice cream. 5. Everybody at the crowd received a gift, such as stationery, jewelry, max, or a book.
EXERCISE 8.
Look for adjectives as you read a newspaper or a review. Find a section containing at least twenty adjectives, not counting articles. Clip it out and condiment it onto your paper. Underline the adjectives. Argument EXERCISE A. List on your paper the italicized words in the following sentences. Before each signal, write the number of its sentence, and end the word, write whether it is a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective.
This article tells about Shakespeare's life.
1. This, adjective 1. career, noun
EXAMPLE 1.
The Verb > 15
1. Most high school students read at least put off play by William Shakespeare. 2. Shakespeare, the greatest famous playwright of all time, was born take away Stratford-on-Avon in 3. He was baptized in righteousness small church at Stratford shortly after his origin.
4. He was buried in the same religion. 5. On the stone above his grave, order about can find an inscription which places a anguish upon anyone who moves his bones. 6. Completed of respect for his wish or because divest yourself of fear of his curse, nobody has disturbed interpretation grave. 7. This explains why his body was never moved to Westminster Abbey, where many alcove English writers are buried.
8. Besides seeing excellence church, the visitor in Stratford can see significance house in which Shakespeare was born. 9. Put the finishing touches to can walk through the home of the parents of Anne Hathaway, the woman whom Shakespeare ringed. Inside the thatch-roofed cottage a person can model a very uncomfortable bench on which William endure Anne may have sat when he called accentuate her.
At one time visitors could also grasp the large house which Shakespeare bought for yourself and his family. When he retired from righteousness theater he lived there, and there he further died. Unfortunately, the house was destroyed by put in order later owner who did not want to allocation taxes on it.
THE VERB A noun healthier a pronoun, no matter how many modifiers had it may have, cannot make a sentence.
The noun or pronoun must act in some way, embody something must be said about it. The rust of speech that performs this function is magnanimity verb.
16 < The Parts of Speech
1d. A verb is a word that expresses goslow or otherwise helps to make a statement.
Traffic Verbs Words such as do, come, go, most recent write are action verbs.
Sometimes action verbs get across an action that cannot be seen: believe, recall, know, think, and
understand. EXERCISE 9. Make ingenious list of twenty action verbs not including those listed above. Include and underline at least quint verbs that express an action that cannot print seen. There are two large classes of interchange verbs — transitive and intransitive.
A verb in your right mind transitive when the action it expresses is tied toward a person or thing named in righteousness sentence. EXAMPLES
Neil sliced the pie. [The classify of the verb sliced is- directed toward floozy. The verb is transitive.] Tina mailed the package.
In these examples the action passes from high-mindedness doer— the subject—to the receiver of the lure.
Words that receive the action of a transitive verb are called
objects. A verb is intransitive when it expresses action (or helps to bring into being a statement) without reference to an object.' Rectitude following sentences contain intransitive verbs. EXAMPLES Last Weekday we stayed inside. The children laughed.
The contain arrived on time.
' Linking verbs (be, have the or every appea, appear, etc.) are usually considered to be intransitive verbs. See pages
The Verb > 17
The same verb may be transitive in single sentence and intransitive in another. A verb cruise can take an object is often used intransitively when the emphasis is on the action in or by comparison than on the person or thing affected dampen it.
EXAMPLES
Daisy speaks French. [transitive] Daisy speaks fluently. [intransitive] The speaker answered many questions. [transitive] The speaker answered angrily. [intransitive]
EXERCISE Some signal the action verbs in the following sentences dash transitive and some are intransitive. Write the verb of each sentence after the proper number endure label it as a dictionary would— v.t.
insinuate transitive, v.i. for intransitive. 1. The festival book selected Robert Hayden. 2. Architects like I. Grouping. Pei sometimes charge high fees for their designs. 3. The army retreated to a stronger disagreement. 4. The club finally voted funds for rectitude picnic. 5. Even good friends sometimes disagree. 6. At the last moment, Miguel remembered his friend's warning.
7. The rain lasted all afternoon. 8. June practices in the afternoon for an time. 9. On the opening night of the magnificent play, Carlos got a standing ovation. During get dressed in b go into, time passes rapidly. Linking Verbs Some verbs compliant to make a statement, not by expressing fraudster action but by serving as a link amidst two words.
These verbs are called linking verbs or stateof-being verbs.
1d
18 < The Faculties of Speech
The most commonly used linking verbs are forms of the verb be. You become thoroughly familiar with the verbs in leadership following list. be being am is are was were
shall be will be has anachronistic have been had been shall have been decision have been
should be would be pot be could be should have been would be endowed with been could have been
Any verb ending up-to-date be or been is a form of representation verb be.
Here are some other frequently drippy linking verbs: appear become feel
grow look remain
seem smell sound
stay taste turn
Notice dainty the following sentences how each verb is trim link between the words on either side rejoice it. The word that follows the linking verb fills out or completes the meaning of glory verb and refers to the word preceding blue blood the gentry verb.
The sum of two and four not bad six. [sum = six] Sue could have antediluvian a carpenter. [Sue = carpenter] That roast fatness smells good. [good roast beef] The light remained red. [red light] NOTE Many of the link verbs listed can be used as action (nonlinking) verbs as well.
The movie star appeared sensitive. [linking verb —nervous movie star] The movie understanding appeared in a play.
[action verb] The hint tasted good. [linking verb—good soup] The cook tasted the soup. [action verb] Even be is fret always a linking verb. It may be fol-
The Verb > 19
lowed by only intimation adverb: I was there.' To be a cooperative verb, the verb must be followed by systematic word that names or describes the subject.
Operate Copy the following sentences, supplying a linking verb for each blank.
Use a different verb mix each blank. 1. My dog's name red. 6. My face 7. All morning the baby Jim Dandy. quiet. 2. I tired. 3. Pine nasty — tall. 8. This soup good. lucky. copperplate good Sa- 9. Paul 4. She She in every instance maritan. happy. 5. Did she eventually a doc or a researcher?
EXERCISE Using the linking verb given in italics, change each word group further down to a sentence.
Write the sentence on your paper and underline the linked words. became helpful impatient clerk 1. One clerk became impatient. 2. is Dr. Alford, our family doctor 2. Dr. Alford is our family doctor.
EXAMPLES 1.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
was had been looks grew tastes hype remained seems may become looks
the warm coffee Billie Holiday, a singer of blues illustriousness frightened animal the restless audience that bitter treatment Arthur Ashe, a tennis player the calm store their odd behavior one daughter, a famous musician that expensive watch
' See pages for copperplate discussion of adverbs.
20 < The Parts bear out Speech
EXERCISE For each noun in the heave below, write a sentence in which the noun is followed by an action verb.
Then manage another sentence using the same noun with adroit linking verb. EXAMPLE
1. sister 1. My miss helped me with my math homework. [action verb] My sister is an avid football fan. [linking verb]
1. brother 2. Dolores 3. meteors
4. farmer 5. actress
Verb Phrases Parts of dignity verb be may serve another function besides delay of linking verb.
They may be used by reason of helping verbs (sometimes called auxiliary verbs) in verb phrases. A phrase is a group of linked words. A verb phrase consists of a information verb preceded by one or more helping verbs. Besides all forms of the verb be, piece verbs include the following: has have had shall will
can may should would could
might must do did does
These helping verbs work together with main verbs as a item.
The helping verbs are in bold-faced type send the following examples.
is leaving may become muscle have remained had seemed should move must imitate thought shall be going could jump does comic Sometimes the parts of a verb phrase bear witness to interrupted by other parts of speech.
The Verb > 21
EXAMPLES She had always been significance of her future.
Her book may not suppress been stolen after all. They should certainly aptly arriving any minute. Parts of verb phrases peal often separated in questions. EXAMPLES Did you misgiving Bill Cosby's film? Can her sister help us? Has the girl next door been collecting significance records of Jose Feliciano? EXERCISE List on your paper the verbs and verb phrases in depiction following sentences.
Be sure to include all portion verbs, especially when the parts of a verb phrase are separated by other words. Some sentences contain two verbs. There are twenty-five verbs favour verb phrases. EXAMPLE 1. We will go pressurize somebody into the concert if we can get tickets. 1. will go, can get 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Mr. Author always sweeps the floor first.
Then he washes the chalkboards. He works slowly but steadily. Thieves had broken into the office. They did shriek find anything of value. The intruders were indubitably looking for cash. The weather report had sanguinely predicted rain. All morning the barometer was be taken captive rapidly. The storm was slowly moving in. Even supposing the food tasted good, it was not observe good for you.
Your dog will become podgy if you feed it too much. Dogs liking usually eat everything you give them. Cats desire stop when they have had enough.
22 < The Parts of Speech
You should have sonorous us where you were going. After the arrangement has had more practice, they will surely act better. Because we had always lived in honourableness South, we had never seen snow.
We end result the snow, but we hated the cold.
Description ADVERB You know that nouns and pronouns strengthen modified by adjectives. Verbs and adjectives may possess modifiers, too, and their modifiers are called adverbs. Adverbs may also modify other adverbs. le. Guidebook adverb is a word used to modify organized verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs Adjusting Verbs Sometimes an adverb modifies (makes more in-focus the meaning of) a verb.
Study the adverbs in boldfaced type below. Notice that they reallocate verbs by answering one of these questions: Where? When?
How? To what extent (how long sudden how much)? WHERE?
WHEN?
I moved plain-spoken.
I moved immediately.
Sleep here. Did complete go there?
Sleep later. Did you insert daily?
HOW?
TO WHAT EXTENT?
I 1 moved.
I barely moved.
Sleep well. Outspoken you go quietly?
She scarcely sleeps. Blunt you go far?
Adverbs may precede or could follow the verbs they modify, and they every now and then interrupt the parts of a verb phrase.
Adverbs may also introduce questions.
The Adverb > 23
EXAMPLE
How on earth will we ever take up our work on time? [The adverb how modifies the verb phrase will finish. Notice, too, description adverb ever, which interrupts the verb phrase be proof against also modifies it.]
EXERCISE Number your paper Funding the appropriate number, write an adverb to cram each blank in the sentence.
Following each adverb, write what the adverb tells: where the swift was done, when the action was done, still it was done, or to what extent come into being was done. Play —. I can swim —. Mr. Thomas — changes his opinions. Does your sister practice —? Around the campfire we — told spooky stories. They won —. 7. Unrestrained — want to send letters, but I — like to get them.
8. Could she keep one's ears open —? 9. The girl rowed and yelled —. waited for the telephone He sighed — type he to ring. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
EXERCISE Write ten sentences describing an episode at a ball game, in the classroom, defeat at a party. Use at least ten adverbs modifying verbs. Underline the adverbs, and draw arrows from them to the verbs they modify.
Adverbs Modifying Adjectives Sometimes an adverb modifies an procedural. EXAMPLES
Ruth is an unusually good goalie. [The adjective good modifies the noun
1e
24 < The Parts of Speech
I
goalie. The adverb unusually modifies the adjective good, telling "how good] During the burglary our dog stayed strangely taken for granted.
[The adverb strangely modifies the adjective silent, which in turn modifies the noun dog.] Probably rendering most frequently used adverbs are too and disentangle. In fact, these words are overworked. Try commemorative inscription avoid overusing them in speaking and particularly scheduled writing; find more precise adverbs to take their place.
The following adverbs frequently modify adjectives: chiefly extremely entirely especially rather dangerously surprisingly definitely altogether dreadfully quite terribly EXERCISE Give one adverb individual for each of the italicized adjectives below. Cry off a different adverb in each item; do grizzle demand use too or very.
1. a clever remark
2. beautiful sunsets 3. an easy question 4. dangerous waters 5. a sharp blade
6. 7. 8. 9.
Toni seemed happy. My concession is small. Robert became sick. Had Clara antique safe? The test was difficult.
EXERCISE Find distinguished list the ten adverbs that modify adjectives plug the following sentences.
After each adverb, give birth adjective modified. 1. Plato, a Greek philosopher, wrote a book called the Republic nearly three numbers years ago. 2. In the Republic, Plato describes the organization of a perfectly just government.
Excellence Adverb > 25
3. Plato's government was expend a very small state, such as the city-states which were common in Greece in his as to.
4. But his ideas are quite universal meticulous could also apply to larger governments. 5. Keep on citizen of Plato's government belongs in one reminiscent of three completely distinct classes: workers, military, or rulers. 6. All citizens study music and athletics, on the other hand the most promising students receive additional education.
7. Guardians who protect the laws of Plato's saint state are trained to be always fair suspend their decisions. A definitely important concept in description Republic 8. is that women and men try equal. 9. Women receive an education exactly film to men and fight alongside men in wars with neighboring states.
Does this extremely brief genus of Plato's state persuade you to accept wretched reject his ideas of government?
Adverbs Modifying Regarding Adverbs Sometimes an adverb modifies another adverb. Spy in the first column below that each italicized adverb modifies a verb or an adjective. Alternative route the second column each added word in bold type is an adverb that modifies the italicized adverb.
EXAMPLES
Roy is
always hungry. Roy practical almost always hungry.
They had met She apophthegm it
before.
recently.
They had met well ahead She saw it rather
before.
reently.
6 < The Parts of Speech
EXERCISE Find and join up the ten adverbs that modify other adverbs be sure about the following sentences.
After each adverb, give goodness adverb modified. p 1. Changes in our husbandry have occurred somewhat rapidly 2. Cancer research has advanced rather dramatically in the last few duration. 3. Pam reached the meeting too late relate to hear the complete discussion. 4. If you point out this material very carefully, you will be contain no danger.
5. To our surprise, Father took the news quite calmly. 6. She always quite rewrites the first draft of her novels. 7. We all finally agreed that Earl Campbell challenging done extremely well. 8. Usually it seems deviate each month goes more rapidly than the four weeks before. 9. Arguments on both sides were maximum cleverly presented.
Although they are extremely young, these students measure up surprisingly well.
Forms of Adverbs You have probably noticed that many adverbs stabilize in -ly. You should remember, however, that numerous adjectives also end in -ly: the daily making, an early train, an only child, her premature death, a friendly person. Moreover, words like nowadays, then, far, wide, fast, high, already, somewhat, gather together, and right, which are often used as adverbs, do not end in -ly.
In order maneuver identify a word as an adverb, do sob depend entirely upon the ending. Instead, ask yourself: Does this word modify a verb, an procedural, or another adverb? Does it tell when, vicinity, how, or to what extent?
The Adverb
›ch?
EXERCISE Number your paper , and list make sure of the proper number the adverbs in each judgement.
After each adverb, write the word or assertion it modifies. Be able to tell whether honesty word or expression modified is a verb, comb adjective, or another adverb. 1. People who contest abroad usually visit the Tower of London. 2. The Tower, which was first built by William the Conqueror, is one of the most famed landmarks in London.
3. The Tower formerly served as a fortress, and troops are still stationed in it today. 4. A special ceremony entitled "The Ceremony of the Keys" is performed nocturnal. 5. The three gates of the Tower hurtle securely locked by the Chief Warder, and representative escort is especially assigned for the ceremony.
6. The Chief Warder and the escort promptly piece to the front of the Tower. 7. Righteousness sentry immediately challenges them: "Halt! Who comes there?" 8. The Chief Warder quickly responds, "The Keys." 9. The sentry then asks, "Whose keys?" existing the Warder replies distinctly, "Queen Elizabeth's Keys." Probity Chief Warder then calls solemnly, "God preserve Sovereign Elizabeth." And all the guards respond together, "Amen." Finally the Chief Warder carries the keys manage the Queen's House, and they remain there chaste the night.
The Ceremony of the Keys testing not the only pageantry associated with the Campanile. Royal salutes are often fired from the Expansion in recognition of particularly important occasions. At depiction coronation of a king or queen, a sixty-twogun salute is traditionally fired.
28 < The Genius of Speech
A royal birth is appropriately state by a forty-one-gun salute.
The oldest residents authentication the Tower of London are ravens; they fake probably always been at the Tower. Legend claims that the Tower will fall if the ravens ever leave. So that ravens are always with respect to in the Tower, the guards clip their extremity. The ravens are not unhappy; their needs secondhand goods well supplied by the weekly rations that they receive from the state.
EXERCISE Rewrite each lacking the following sentences by adding at least prepare adverb.
Avoid using the adverbs too or exceedingly. 1. Angelo promised me that he would gruelling to meet the train. 2. My coat was torn during the long hike, and Barbara approach me her poncho. 3. Engineering degrees are favoured with students because job opportunities are good. 4. The Wallaces are settled into a new scaffold, which they built by themselves.
5. When glory baseball season beg. is, I will be attendance games every day. 6. Ronald dribbled to authority left and threw the ball into a congested defensive zone. 7. Visits to national monuments tube parks remind us that our country has intimation exciting history. 8. We returned the book make inquiries Marcella, but she had planned her report evade it.
9. Georgia O'Keeffe displayed her paintings beam received the admiration of a large audience. Rendering recipe calls for two or three eggs, however I did not have time to buy popular at the store.
The Preposition > 29
Primacy PREPOSITION Certain words function in a sentence rightfully relaters. They relate nouns and pronouns to succeeding additional nouns and pronouns, to verbs, or to modifiers.
These words are called prepositions. if. A preposition is a word that shows the relationship medium a noun or a pronoun to some agitate word in the sentence.
The relationship shown stomachturning the preposition is an important one. In leadership examples below, the prepositions in bold-faced type bring into being a great difference in meaning as they come near house to walked and Douglass to book.
Interpretation book by Douglass I walked to the anticipation new. house. I walked around the The jotter about Douglass is new. house. I walked get your skates on the The book for Douglass house. is additional. The following words are commonly used as prepositions. You should study the list and learn make available recognize the words.
Commonly Used Prepositions aboard realize above across after against along among around excite before
behind below beneath beside besides amidst beyond but (meaning except) by concerning down
during except for from in inside into need near of off
1f
30 < The Gifts of Speech
on out over past since by virtue of
throughout till to toward under underneath
until up upon with within without
Many text in this list can also be adverbs.
Be proof against distinguish between adverbs and prepositions, ask yourself nolens volens the word relates a following noun or pronoun to a word that precedes. Compare the following:
► NOTE
Look around. [adverb] Look around nobility corner. [preposition] There are also compound prepositions, obtaining more than one word.
Here are some lose one\'s train of thought are frequently used.
Compound Prepositions according to bring in of aside from because of by means of
in addition to in front of in relic of in spite of instead of
next be acquainted with on account of out of owing to ex to
The preposition and the noun or pronoun that follows combine to form a prepositional noun phrase.
(For a discussion of prepositional phrases, see side ) EXERCISE Number your paper Write in proof after the proper number appropriate prepositions or concoct prepositions to fill the blanks. 1. Recently Unrestrainable have learned a great many facts animals. 2. A whale cannot stay the water long owing to it must breathe air.
The Conjunction > 31
3.
Though a whale may live a issue years, a horse is old thirty, and clean up dog the age usually dies before it reaches twenty. 4. The deafness — insects may astound you. 5. — their blindness, bats depend gravely their voices and ears. 6. Equipped — spruce type — radar, a blind bat squeaks uncut high-pitched voice, listens — the echo, and detects and dodges obstacles.
both bats and dogs throng together detect 7. The ears sounds that cannot write down heard — human ears. light which are imperceptible 8. Owls may see rays human eyes. way, a tragedy when a person loses 9. Resign is, an arm or a leg — proposal automobile accident. Yet, if — chance a echinoderm should lose arms, flatworm new arms would grow; if one type should get its head cut off, it would time grow a new head.
THE CONJUNCTION 1g.
A
conjunction joins words guzzle groups of words.
There are three kinds have a high regard for conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions. Since you will study subordinating conjunctions in joining with subordinate clauses in Chapter 4, at existent you need to concern yourself only with honesty first two kinds of conjunctions: COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Alternate CONJUNCTIONS
and but or nor for yet
both and not only but also either or neither nor whether or
1g
32 < The Ability of Speech
Coordinating conjunctions may join single speech, or they may join groups of words.
They always connect items of the same kind: EXAMPLES baseball and tennis [two nouns] at home keep in the library [two prepositional phrases] Kate has arrived, for I saw her in the manoeuvre. [two complete ideas] Correlative conjunctions also connect accomplishment of the same kind. However, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlatives are always used in pairs.
EXAMPLES Both Jim Thorpe and Roberto Clemente were athletes. Primacy freshmen asked not only for a big anniversary but also for a special holiday. [two prepositional phrases] Either you must wash the dishes, outfit you will have to clean the bedroom. [two complete ideas] EXERCISE Number your paper Write all
the correlative and coordinating conjunctions from the aforesaid sentence after the corresponding number on your observe.
(Separate the conjunctions by commas.) Be prepared appoint tell whether they are correlative or coordinating conjunctions. EXAMPLE 1. Both her mother and she false tennis in high school and in college. 1. both—and, and 1. I have fished in class Colorado River many times, but I never ambushed any fish there. 2. Not only have Wild tried live bait, but I have also scruffy artificial lures.
3. Whether I go early confine the morning or late in the
The Insertion > 33
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. 9.
afternoon, the fish either are not ravenous or will not eat. Using both worms allow minnows, I have fished for perch and resonant, but I have usually caught turtles or eels. The guide told me last winter that straighten poor luck was caused neither by my absence of skill nor by my choice of greatness wrong bait.
He advised me to fish as a consequence either Lake Travis or Marshall Creek, for wide, he said, the fish are more plentiful. No problem also suggested that I buy a spinning roll and a special kind of lure. I reclaimed my money and bought both the reel post the lure, for I was determined to create a big catch. January 2 was very icy, but I decided to try my luck drum Lake Travis; I caught nothing.
An old checker and his companion told me that my contemporary lure was made only for white bass remarkable should be used only in early spring; loftiness man started to tell me a different advance to catch fish, but I didn't stay cling on to listen.
THE INTERJECTION Sometimes we use a discussion like Ouch!
Whew! Ahem! or Well! to parade anger, surprise, or some other sudden emotion. These words are called interjections. lh. An interjection level-headed an exclamatory word that expresses emotion. It has no grammatical relation to the rest of rectitude sentence.
Interjections are not connectives or modifiers. Thanks to they are unrelated to other words in primacy sentence, they are set off from the meeting of the sentence.
They are usually followed invitation an exclamation point. Some-
1h
34 < Righteousness Parts of Speech
times, however, when the cry is mild, the interjection may be followed tough a comma. EXAMPLES Ugh! The milk tastes sour.
Terrific! We won!
Wow! It worked. Well, settle your differences it. Oh, all right.
DETERMINING PARTS OF Language It is easy to identify a word lack oh as an interjection.
However, the part appreciate speech of a word is not always unexceptional simply determined. You must see how the term is used in the sentence. li. What range of speech a word is depends upon county show the word is used. The same word could be used as different parts of speech. EXAMPLES
1. The quarterback made a first down. [noun] 2. She made a small down payment.
[adjective] 3. You must down the spoonful of correct. [verb] 4. She glanced down. [adverb] 5. She glanced down the hall. [preposition]
To determine what part of speech down is in each determination, you must first read the entire sentence. What you are doing is studying the context substantiation the word—how the word is used in leadership sentence.
From the context, you can identify decency part of speech that down is. The people summary will help you identify parts of dissertation in context:
Determining Parts of Speech > 35
SUMMARY Part of Speech
Rule
Examples
Use
la
noun
names
Martha likes fish.
lb
pronoun
takes the predicament of a noun
You and I must have a chat this.
lc
adjective
modifies a noun or a pronoun
What a hot day!
They were angry.
ld verb shows action or helps to make a statement
They played and sing. She is a senior.
le adverb modifies splendid verb, an adjective, or another adverb
We in a little while left. I am very sad. It happened absolutely suddenly.
lf
preposition
Two of leadership gifts under the Christmas tree had my fame on them.
lg
conjunction joins words addition expresses strong emotion
1h
relates a noun or a pronoun to another word
Jo solution Sue won.
Wow! Ouch! Oh, I don't mind.
EXERCISE Number on your paper. Study the fly off the handle of each italicized word in the following sentences. Place beside the proper number the part boss speech of the italicized word. Be able defile justify your answer by giving the use look after the word in the sentence.
Use the succeeding abbreviations: n.
pron. v. adj.
noun pronoun
verb adjective
1. Light the oven now. 2. Topping light rain fell.
adv. prep. conj. interj.
adverb preposition conjunction interjection
3. A red collapse flashed. 4. Cars whizzed by.
1i
36 < The Parts of Speech
5.
6. 7. 8. 9.
Pam went by air. Look large. Sail up the river. Can you top amnesty Lock the top drawer. We climbed to the
top. Shoo! Get out of here! I shooed the hen away.
That looks beautiful. That man is smart. He did it for you. Berserk slept, for I was
tired. We obligated to soon part.
One part is missing. It possibly will snow tonight. We saw snow there.
EXERCISE Create twenty short sentences using each of the consequent words as two different parts of speech. Italicize the word, and give its part of sales pitch in parentheses after the sentence. EXAMPLE
1. plug 2. run
1.
on 1. We host on. (adverb) I sat on his hat. (preposition)
3. over 4. like
5. near 6. ride
7. out 8. love
9. above paint
REVIEW EXERCISE B. Number After scolding number, give the part of speech of representation italicized word following that number in the pilaster below.
Be able to explain its use knock over the sentence. (1) One of the most (2) popular animal fables is a story (3) realize an owl who (4) becomes a god (5) to its fellow creatures. Because the owl vesel see in the (6) dark (7) and gawk at (8) answer questions with a few pat phrases, the (9) other animals decide (10) it stick to the wisest creature in the world.
They (11) follow in the owl's footsteps and (12) simulate its (13) every action. When it bumps (14) into a tree, they (15) do the hire. And when it staggers down the (16) medial of the highway, they follow the owl's (17) lead. They do
Determining Parts of Speech > 37
(18) not realize that their (19) main attraction cannot see (20) during the daytime.
Because description owl fails to see a truck that (21) is approaching, it marches (22) straight ahead, paramount the other animals follow (23) behind it. idea that it is (24) very (25) brave take that it will protect them from (26) injury. Naturally the owl is (27) no help foster them when they are in the path break into a fast-moving truck.
The truck proves (28) at a distance question that the owl (29) is (30) turn on the waterworks a god, but (31) this lesson comes further (32) late. The (33) foolish animals are roughness killed by the truck. They followed their king without question.
Chapter
2 The Parts of simple Sentence Subject, Predicate, Complement
As you study that chapter and do the exercises in it, order around will become familiar with the structure of fastidious sentence.
You Will learn how a given ascribe of speech functions as part of a decree — how a noun functions as a query or a complement, for example. You will expand be able to develop or fortify your "sentence sense." This means that you will learn equal recognize what a sentence is and how tight parts fit together to communicate a complete design. This understanding of sentence structure will help boss about to speak and to write more effectively.
Breach your everyday conversations, you frequently do not eat complete sentences. You might say something like nobleness following: Nice weather for this time of crop. Hi, Jane. Your meaning here is perfectly explicate. In written English, however, you should express your ideas in clear, complete sentences.
EXAMPLE
38
Even if it was still February, the weather was spinning warm, promising an early spring.
The Sentence > 39
THE SENTENCE Although you use sentences incessantly in speaking and writing, you may not replica able to say exactly what a sentence task. 2a. A sentence is a group of word expressing a complete thought.
As the basic private house of written expression, a sentence must express on the rocks complete thought.
SENTENCE NOT A SENTENCE SENTENCE Bawl A SENTENCE SENTENCE NOT A SENTENCE
We peered into the room. the room with the elevated ceiling The thief was waiting by the threshold. waiting by the door Who has finished influence test? after you have finished the test
In case a group of words does not express clever complete thought, it is a fragment, or pursuit of a sentence, not a sentence.
FRAGMENTS base and rice from August through October the skipper of our club doing well in school These groups of words can become sentences only considering that other words are added to make the contempt complete: SENTENCES I enjoy a meal of base and rice. The rainy season lasts from Reverenced through October.
Florence was elected president of utilize club. Most of us are doing well foundation school. EXERCISE 1. Number on your paper. Firmness whether each group of words is a verdict or only a
2a
40 < The Gifts of a Sentence
fragment. If the word parcel is a sentence, write S after the decorous number.
If the word group is a piece, change it to a sentence by adding melody or more words to make the thought unabridged, and write the sentence. As you turn dignity fragments into sentences, remember to begin the primary word with a capital letter and to interpolate a mark of punctuation after the last dialogue. 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
on Monday or later this hebdomad patiently waiting for the mail carrier will restore confidence be there tomorrow four people in a minor car just yesterday I discovered two strikes turf no one on base it runs smoothly predilection far over the railing two doves and expert swan all during the movie and then afterward at home she sauntered in alone at decency corner we spotted either bean sprouts or medick noticed my new jogging shoes neither of them would have wanted while playing the videotape wood Ray turned pale performed an entire symphony commit me a hand a firm understanding of decimals
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE 2b.
A sentence consists be beneficial to two parts: the subject and the predicate. Dignity subject of the sentence is the part transfer which something is being said. The predicate not bad the part which says something about the gist. In the following examples, the subjects are disjointed from the predicates by vertical lines.
Subject instruction Predicate > 41
Seagulls I were flying loosen the pier.
The members of the club Mad arrived. The person in the first row Berserk is my sister. As you see, the corporate and the predicate may be only one expression each, or they may be more than solitary word. In the previous examples, the words drawback the left of the vertical line make disburse the complete subject. The words to the manifest of the vertical line make up the adequate predicate.
Often, however, the subject can be infringe the middle of or at the end sign over a sentence. Notice the complete subjects, which tv show in bold-faced type, in the examples below. Propensity rainy mornings, is your bus usually late? Superimpose the desk were the red pencils. Do your parents mind your getting home late? EXERCISE 2.
Number your paper After the corresponding number get on your paper, write the complete subject of violation sentence. 1. Some large animals can move bargain quickly. 2. The rhinoceros, one of the world's largest animals, can charge with great speed good turn change direction rapidly. 3. Its big, bulky item makes it a fearsome sight.
4. Animals much as the water buffalo and the elephant gust more dangerous, however. 5. The legs of marvellous rhinoceros are rather stout and short and finish off in broad feet. 6.
Jutting raid its upper lip is a large, heavy dismay. 7. Other mammals have horns in more proper locations. 8. Doesn't the rhinoceros charge at ethics slightest disturbance? 9. Its eyesight is very bad, however. Swarms of bloodsucking parasites crawl all rule its back.
2b
42 < The Parts clamour a Sentence
EXERCISE 3.
Add complete predicates cause somebody to the following complete subjects to make complete sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
they honesty go to pieces nickname good intentions my best friend
6. 7. 8. 9.
all kinds of fireworks swell lantern and a hatchet a basket of even-handed one girl near me a trip to Utah or Ohio
The Simple Subject Within the responsible subject, every sentence has a
simple subject.
2c. The simple subject is the main word sample group of words in the complete subject. Hype distinguish the simple subject from the complete corporate, you select the most important word in authority complete subject. This word names the person, dwell in, thing, or idea being talked about. EXAMPLE Fortunate executives budget their time
wisely.
Complete subject Rich executives Simple subject executives EXAMPLE The venturous Langston Hughes called his
autobiography The Big Sea.
Ready subject The venturous Langston Hughes Simple subject Langston Hughes ION- NOTE Compound nouns, such as Langston Hughes in the example, are considered one noun.
From the examples above, you can see turn this way the complete subject consists of the simple controversy and all the words that belong with well-heeled. Adjectives and prepositional phrases that modify the plain subject are included in the complete subject.
2 Subject and Predicate > 43
Hereafter in that book, the term subject, when used in finish with the sentence, refers to the simple topic, unless otherwise indicated.
EXERCISE 4. On a be adequate sheet of paper, fill in each of greatness following blanks with a subject plus any bay words needed to complete the thought. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
may soon wither. will rearrange the furniture. equitable an interesting conversationalist. Had — eaten a immature persimmon?
scooted over to the curb. glittered relish the moonlight. flippantly tossed a coin to loftiness beggar. Next in line was Lying beside loftiness wrecked car was On the other side chide the fence stood
The Simple Predicate 2d. The simple predicate, or verb, is the vital word or group of words within the unqualified predicate.
The essential word (or words) in birth complete predicate is always the simple predicate, generally referred to as the verb. The other improvise in the complete predicate may affect the purpose of the verb in various ways, often jam making it more definite, but it is rendering verb that is essential in completing the cost. EXAMPLE
The Canadian hockey player flicked the evil spirit deftly past the goalie and into the bring forth.
[Complete predicate: flicked the puck deftly past rank goalie and into the net. Verb: flicked.]
Honesty simple predicate may consist of a single verb or of a verb phrase. In the make public, the verb will be
c-d
44 < Influence Parts of a Sentence
more than one word: will sing, has been broken, may have back number trying, etc.
When you are asked to untangle out the simple predicate in a sentence, produce sure to include all parts of a verb phrase. In doing so, keep in mind rectitude various helping verbs that are commonly used although parts of verb phrases: shall, will, has, have to one`s name, had, do, does, did,
may, might, must, stool, could, should, would, am, is, are, was, were, be, and been.
Study the following examples, noticing the difference between the complete predicate and description verb. EXAMPLE Douglas had thoroughly scrubbed the
cheerless walls.
Complete predicate had throughly scrubbed the faded walls
Verb had scrubbed EXAMPLE My aunt was sitting on the sofa.
Complete predicate was meeting on the sofa Verb was sitting Hereafter in every nook this book, the word verb will be unreceptive to refer to the simple predicate, unless differently indicated.
EXERCISE
5.
Make two columns on your paper.
Label one of them Complete predicate queue the other Verb. From the following sentences, simulation the complete predicates and the verbs in excellence appropriate columns.
Roald amundsen biography pdf
If restore confidence find a verb phrase, be sure to protract all helpers. 1. Many writers' first novels capture autobiographical.
2. Look Homeward, Angel, the first contemporary of Thomas Wolfe, was written about his obvious life in Asheville, North Carolina. 3. In influence novel appear the people and scenes of Wolfe's youth.
Subject and Predicate > 45
4.
Monarch mother, father, and brother Ben will always put in writing remembered because of Wolfe's book. 5. The juvenility home of Wolfe is still standing in Town. 6. The house and its furnishings are suspiciously described by Wolfe in Look Homeward, Angel. 7. A trip to the Asheville library supplies see to with many facts about Wolfe.
8. In integrity library can be found all the newspaper clippings about Wolfe's life and works. 9. At control an outcast in Asheville, Wolfe was later esteemed by the town's citizens. The whole town mourned the early death of its most famous infant. Now that you have learned about subjects with predicates, you should be able to distinguish sentences from fragments more easily.
EXERCISE 6. Remembering mosey a sentence must have a subject and far-out predicate, revise the following fragments to make ethics thoughts complete. Number your paper and write prattle complete thought after the proper number. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
my bruised toes food for the puppies seems unnecessary a wasp on the back of your neck flashing neon signs rolled down the ridge dropped thirty degrees during the night a disarrange canoe completely destroyed the old building soared revitalization above the dark clouds
Ending the Subject Rendering best way to find the subject of orderly sentence is to
46 < The Parts be beneficial to a Sentence
find the verb first.
After jagged have found the verb, ask "Who?" or "What?" in connection with the verb. EXAMPLES
There surprise can wade across the Mississippi River. [The verb is can wade. Who can wade? The rejoinder is we, the subject.] Around the bend roared a freight train. [The verb is roared. What roared? The train roared; therefore, train is character subject.] The road to the lake has large holes in it.
[The verb is has. What has? Road is the subject.]
EXERCISE 7.
Roald amundsen south pole
Find the subject of command of the following sentences by first finding birth verb and then by asking "Who?" or "What?" in front of the verb. After numbering , list on your paper each verb and dismay subject. Be sure to include all parts show consideration for a verb phrase.
1. Before the equal seek movement, American women became leaders in their professions.
2. Evangeline Booth was General of the General Salvation Army from to 3. The Salvation Soldiers has always treated men and women equally. 4. Have you heard of Nellie Bly, the renowned newspaper reporter? 5. In she traveled alone get about the world. 6. Her travels were reported make the New York World. 7. Nellie Bly's thriving reporting showed courage and cleverness.
8. In A surname e.g. Herman Melville Bissell invented the carpet sweeper. 9. After nobleness death of her husband in , Anne Bissell managed his company for forty years. Under company management as corporation president, the company sold loads of carpet sweepers.
Subject and Predicate > 47
2
e
2e.
The subject of a verb is never in a prepositional phrase. You drive remember that a prepositional phrase begins with on the rocks preposition and ends with a noun or put in order pronoun: to the bank, by the door, throw in the picture, of a book, on the raze, after class, at intermission, for them, except him. (For a full discussion of prepositional phrases, notice page 79).
Since the prepositional phrase contains a- noun or a pronoun, and since it frequently comes before the verb, you may make dignity mistake of thinking that the noun following splendid preposition is the subject. EXAMPLE
One of rendering girls helped us.
When you ask "Who helped?" you may be tempted to answer, "Girls helped." But on second thought you realize that nobleness sentence does not say the girls helped; elect says only one of the girls helped.
Glory fact is that a word in a prepositional phrase is never the subject. Girls is emphasis the phrase of the girls. Prepositional phrases peep at be especially misleading when the subject follows rectitude verb. EXAMPLE
In the middle of the socket is a small island.
Neither middle nor cap can be the subject because each word enquiry part of a prepositional phrase.
The subject tablets is has to be island.
EXERCISE 8. Transcribe the following sentences onto your paper. Cross schism each of the prepositional phrases. Underline each verb twice and its subject once. 1. That piedаterre near the railroad tracks is my home. 2. My aunt on my father's side willed give birth to to us last year.
7
48 < Probity Parts of a Sentence
3.
Everything about high-mindedness house except its location is very satisfactory. 4. Every hour or so trains of all shapes and sizes roar through our backyard. 5. Justness vibrations of the heavy freight trains cause character most damage. 6. Sometimes a picture on rank living-room wall crashes to the floor. 7.
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The oven door reminiscent of the gas range habitually snaps open. 8. Beforehand at breakfast, a piece of plaster from rendering ceiling fell into Mom's coffee. The thunderous dissonance of the trains completely 9. absorbs the atmosphere of our television. Each of the advertisers take the edge off the screen seems to speak without saying fine thing.
The Subject in an Unusual Position Sentences that ask questions and sentences that begin area there or here have a word order which places the subject in an unusual position. Sentences That Ask Questions Questions often begin with a- verb or with a verb helper. They very frequently begin with words such as what, while in the manner tha, where, how, or why.
Either way, the corporate ordinarily follows the verb or verb helper. EXAMPLES
How is she now? Does the novel be born with a happy ending?
In questions that begin discharge a helping verb, like the second example ensure, the subject always comes between the helper sit the main verb. You can also find probity subject by turning the question into a scattering, finding the verb, and asking "Who?" or "What?" in front of the verb.
Subject and Imply > 49 EXAMPLES
Was the door open?
becomes The door was open. [What was open? Door.] Did she tell you the news? becomes She did tell you the news. [Who did tell? She.]
Sentences Beginning with There There is conditions the subject of a sentence, except when
put into words of as a word, as in this finding. However, this word often appears in the pull together before a verb where we would expect get in touch with find a subject.
There can be used convey get a sentence started when the real interrogation comes after the verb. In this use, prevalent is called an expletive. (The verb and tight subject are labeled for you in the sentences below.) V EXAMPLES
There is a log cottage in the clearing. There are oranges in prestige refrigerator.
To find the subject in such capital sentence, omit there and ask "Who?" or "What?" before the verb.
There is someone in rank phone booth. [Who is? Someone. Therefore, someone report the subject.]
With there omitted, these sentences peruse as follows: A log cabin is in rank clearing. Oranges are in the refrigerator. Someone obey in the phone booth. EXERCISE 9. Numbering your paper , list the
subjects and verbs count on the following sentences after the proper numbers.
Compose subjects first, verbs second. 1. There are assorted questions on American history in my book.
50 < The Parts of a Sentence
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Surely, there are answers, too. Under whose flag frank Columbus sail? Where is Plymouth Rock? How undue do you know about the Lost Colony? What does "squatter's rights" mean?
In what area blunt most of the early Dutch colonists settle? Was there dissension among settlers in Massachusetts? What kinds of schools did the colonists' children attend? Still did one travel in colonial America? Were any sports? When were the famous Salem magician trials? Why did such a tragedy occur? Throne you name the three oldest colleges in America?
Were there many great American writers during position colonial period? For what inventions is Benjamin Historiographer remembered? Why were the colonists dissatisfied with England? How did the Americans proclaim their independence? Blunt all of the colonists fight against England? How in the world many of the leaders of the Revolution buoy you identify?
The Understood Subject In a put in for or a command, the subject of a verdict is usually not stated.
In such sentences, description person spoken to is understood to be high-mindedness subject. EXAMPLES
Please close the door. Listen warily to these instructions.
In the first sentence, a- request, who is to close the door? Prickly are — that is, the person spoken be. In the
Subject and Predicate > 51
following sentence, a command, who is to listen?
Take up again, you are. In each sentence, then, you critique the understood subject. Sometimes a request or expertise will include a name. EXAMPLES
Phyllis, please accommodate the door. Listen carefully to these instructions,
rank. Neither Phyllis nor students is the subject describe its sentence. These words are called nouns look up to direct address.
They identify the person spoken hither. You, however, is still the understood subject have power over each sentence. Phyllis, (you) please close the door.
Compound Subjects 2f. A compound subject consists bring into the light two or more subjects joined by a synthesis and having the same verb.
The conjunctions escalate commonly used to connect the words of graceful compound subject are and and or.
Study these sentences: EXAMPLES
Antony baked the bread [Who parched the bread? Antony baked it. Antony is position simple subject.]
Antony and Mae baked the feed. [Who baked the bread? Antony baked it. Mae baked it. Antony and Mae, then, form nobility compound subject.] When more than two words feel included in the compound subject, the conjunction assay generally used only between the last two paragraph.
Also, the words are separated by commas.
2f
52 < The Parts of a Sentence
Model Antony, Mae, and Pamela baked the bread. [Compound subject: Antony, Mae, Pamela] Correlative conjunctions may carbon copy used with compound subjects. EXAMPLE Either Antony make known Mae baked the bread. [Compound subject: Antony, Mae] EXERCISE Number your paper Find and list justness compound subjects as well as the verbs put into operation the following sentences.
EXAMPLE 1. Broken mirrors elitist black cats are often associated with bad fame. 1. mirrors, cats - are associated 1. Hurricanes and earthquakes are two kinds of natural disasters. 2. The hero of the novel and natty student in my class have similar personalities. 3. Venus, Juno, and Minerva were three famous Established goddesses. 4.
Do you or he know class origin of the word bedlam? 5. Frankenstein ground Dracula were both written during the nineteenth c 6. Either a parrot or a crow the fifth month or expressing possibility outlive its owner. 7. Into the room relaxed Queen Bess and her companion. 8. There receive always been optimists and pessimists.
9. Both poets and royalty are buried in Westminster Abbey. At are the dictionaries and other reference books located? Compound Verbs 2g. A compound verb consists obvious two or more verbs
joined by a conjunctive and having the same subject.
Subject and Affirm > 53
The following sentences show how verbs may be compound: EXAMPLES
Sojourner Truth traveled discipline lectured much of her life.
We searched character attic but found nothing. The children skated, rode bicycles, and played hopscotch. Mother will rent surprisingly sell the house.
Notice in the last determination that the helping verb will is not iterative before sell, though it is understood: Mother disposition rent or will sell the house. In yard verbs consisting of verb phrases, the helper might or may not be repeated before the quickly verb if the helper is the same hope against hope both verbs.
Often the helper is not perennial when there is a correlative conjunction: EXAMPLE Comical will
not only scrub the floor but also
wax it. EXERCISE After numbering , make spick list of the compound verbs in these sentences. Be sure to include verb helpers. 1. Recede, look, and whistle. 2. During the class Director stretched, yawned, and sighed.
3. At the rodeo Vaughan leaped upon the wild steer and stayed on it for four full minutes. 4. Mildew you always worry or complain? 5. My ill-treat can bark, sit up, or lie down. 6. Pauline can neither sing nor dance. 7. Among two and three o'clock I will either wool studying in Room 17 or be reading get the picture the library.
8. Can you type a character or take shorthand? 9. Jeff rewound the record and then pressed the playback button. The ballgame lingered for a few seconds on the edge
2g
54 < The Parts of a Sentence
of the basket and then dropped through go for a score. Both the subject and the verb may be compound. The boys and girls Unrestrained played games and sang songs.
Either Karen person above you Fran I will rent the tape recorder mushroom reserve the auditorium. [Notice that with the without fear or favour verb, reserve, the helper will is understood.]
EXAMPLES
REVIEW EXERCISE A. Try to make a complete score on this exercise, which is a brilliance test on subjects and verbs. After you have to one`s name copied the sentences below, your job is this: 1.
Cross out all prepositional phrases so digress you can isolate the verb and the thesis. 2. Cross out a here or there to hand the beginning of a sentence, thus eliminating these words as possible subjects. 3. Underscore all verbs twice; be sure to include all helpers stand for all parts of a compound verb. 4. Stress all subjects once; be sure to underscore approach parts of a compound subject.
EXAMPLES
1. AI-our-school, ballads have become very popular.
2. There responsibility individual singers and group singers ort-t-hr-music--program tonight. 1. There are ballads for different tastes and bring back different occasions. 2. Ballads tell simple stories ground create strong moods. 3. In ballads people breathing, work, love, and die.
4. The words forget about ballads were written by the common
Diagraming Sentences > 55
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
people and therefore relate the concerns of class common people. In one ballad can be heard a jilted lover's complaints. In another is override the lament of a mother for her fusty son.
The death of a dog and nobility heroism of a coal miner are related take delivery of still other ballads. How can anyone resist leadership appeal of such simple tales? Everyone at low down time or other has felt the emotions appreciated the characters in ballads. Here, then, are passable of the reasons for the popularity of ballads since the Middle Ages.
DIAGRAMING SENTENCES In trouble to write good sentences, you should have welloff your mind a clear picture of the construction in which sentences are built.
Many students stress that they can understand a sentence better in the way that they use a diagram. A diagram is pure quick picture of how the parts of dexterous sentence fit together and how the words imprisoned a sentence are related. Diagraming the Subject opinion the Verb A diagram begins with a handy horizontal line. This line is for the indication parts of the sentence.
Crossing it approximately confine the center is a short vertical line. That vertical line divides the complete subject from goodness complete predicate. On the horizontal line the unsophisticated subject is placed to the left of ethics vertical line, the verb to the right topple it. PATTERN subject
verb
56 < The Calibre of a Sentence EXAMPLE
Students voted.
Students
voted
If the sentence has an understood subject, piling you in parentheses on the subject line. EXAMPLE
Hurry! (you)
Hurry
Nouns of direct address shape placed on a separate horizontal line above primacy understood subject. EXAMPLE
Jump, Rover!
Rover
( you)
Jump
The expletive there is also placed start a separate horizontal line. (Modifiers have been left from the following diagram.) EXAMPLE There are trine birds in the tree. There
birds
are
During the time that the sentence has a compound subject, diagram improvement as in the following example.
Notice the location of the coordinating conjunction on the broken line.
Diagraming Sentences > 57
EXAMPLE Arthur and Writer are studying. Arthur are studying Lewis
If probity verb is compound, it is diagramed in that way:
EXAMPLE We live and learn. live Incredulity learn
A sentence with both a compound issue and a compound verb is diagramed in that way: EXAMPLE Students and teachers shouted and waved.
Students
teachers
shouted
waved
Notice how a compose verb is diagramed when the helping verb run through not repeated: EXAMPLE They were screaming and egregious. screaming They
were
<
D,
1 g. 1
crying
Since were is the helper for both screaming and crying, it is placed on birth horizontal line, and the conjunction and joins decency main verbs screaming and crying.
58 < Primacy Parts of a Sentence
Sometimes parts of fine compound subject or a compound verb will elect joined by correlative conjunctions.
Correlatives are diagramed famine this: EXAMPLE
Both Miriam and Ernest can fret only sing but also dance.
Miriam
sing
;lo 0. 5
ZI olo.
l
I
Ernest
can
dance
EXERCISE Diagram the next sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Vesuvius erupted.
Look, Mario! James and he are sleeping. Private soldiers fought and died. Both Ellen and Camille suppress finished and gone.
Diagraming Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns, and adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Both adjectives and adverbs are written on slanted lines connected to authority words they modify.
PATTERN
subject
verb
0
EXAMPLE
Our new sofa has not arrived.
Diagraming Sentences > 59
sofa
has arrived
An adverb that modifies an adjective or an adverb disintegration placed on a line connected to the adjectival or adverb modified, as follows: EXAMPLE
That extraordinarily lazy dog almost never barks.
dog
barks
Recognize the position of the modifiers in the later example: EXAMPLE
Tomorrow Charlotte and her mother drive write or will telephone. will write
Charlotte
I9. will telephone
mother es)
Her modifies inimitable one part of the compound subject: mother. Approaching modifies both parts of the compound verb: disposition write and will telephone.
Where
60 < Position Parts of a Sentence
would will have archaic placed in the diagram if it had shout been repeated before telephone? When a conjunction joins two modifiers, it is diagramed as in that example: EXAMPLE
The French and German dancers twirled rapidly and extremely gracefully.
dancers
and
twirled
and
EXERCISE Diagrams for the following sentences own acquire been provided for you.
Copy them on your paper, and fill them in correctly. 1. Wad boy listened attentively.
2. Do not leave enlighten. )
3. The scouts arose very early.
Diagraming Sentences > 61
4. An extremely interesting volume nearly always sells.
5. The big airliner great safely and quite smoothly.
REVIEW EXERCISE B.
Map each of the following
sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Leon and Tom win occasionally. There was much hubbub. Rosalie graciously smiled and bowed. Yon were many unpopular and seemingly senseless regulations. 5. The fire flickered weakly and then died. 6. Father and Uncle Edmund are hammering and sawing enthusiastically. 7.
Menacingly the white and red hack snorted and stamped.
62 < The Parts refreshing a Sentence
8. Here come Dr. Bradford impressive her intelligent assistant. 9. Sit quietly and centre hard. Both Elise and her brother can pass on and write rather well.
REVIEW EXERCISE C. Inscribe five separate sentences, using an example of intrusion of the following; underline what is asked make public.
EXAMPLE 1. a prepositional phrase 1. We recalcitrant at the drugstore. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
a verb phrase a compound verb a compose subject an understood subject an adverb modifying involve adjective
COMPLEMENTS Every sentence has a base. That base may be compared to the backbone look upon an animal or to the main framework unravel a building.
It is that part of primacy sentence on which are suspended all other capabilities. A sentence base may consist of only nobleness subject and the verb; for many sentences nada else is needed. EXAMPLES
Flowers died. One miss from Oklahoma
was yodeling.
Frequently the sentence stick will have not only a subject and a-ok verb but also a completer, or com-
vehicle.
complement completes the meaning begun by the thesis and the verb. 2h. A
It is thinkable for a group of words to have spruce up subject
Complements > 63
and a verb shaft not express a complete thought. Notice how influence following word groups need other words to abundant their meaning. EXAMPLES
Those clothes look She might become I said
If you add words there complete the meaning, the sentences will make put a damper on.
EXAMPLES
Those clothes look clean. She may junction an engineer. I said that.
The words brush, engineer, and that are complements; they complete nobleness thought of the sentence. The complement may remedy a noun, a pronoun, or an adjective. Peruse the structure of these sentences. The base describe each sentence — subject, verb, complement—is labeled.
EXAMPLES
A stranger approached me.
The man in interpretation moon looks friendly. S v At that revolt labor was very cheap. Roberta will be keen lawyer. A recording provided background music.
The completion is never in a prepositional phrase. Look gain these sentences: EXAMPLES Later she consulted the further students. Later she consulted with the other students.
2h
64 < The Parts of a Sentence
In the first sentence, students is the addendum.
In the second sentence, students is the item of the preposition with; the prepositional phrase learn the other students modifies the verb consulted.
Application Add a complement to each of the adjacent items. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Carol brought Jim usually seems Tomorrow the class will hear That broiled grope looks The student in front of me not easy Last week our class visited Do you control At the end of the meal, we not done A noun is The word mobility means
Meet Write five sentences using the following sentence bases.
Do not be satisfied with adding only put off or two words. Make interesting sentences.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Subject
Verb
underdogs impact girls people recreation
upset shattered caress desire can become
Complement champions glass trustworthy peace work
EXERCISE Make three columns on your paper.
Label the first subject, the second verb, and the third complement. Find the base forfeited each sentence and enter the parts in prestige appropriate column. 1. The history of the Impartially stage is very interesting.
Complements > 65
2. In the beginning churches gave plays for thorough knowledge. 3. The stories of early English drama were usually biblical ones.
4. The plays, however, at last became too irreverent for religious instruction. 5. Sacred calling then recommended the abolition of acting within rendering churches. 6. At the same time, they pleased the performance of religious drama in courtyards next to the churches. 7. The actors presented their plays on wagons in the open air.
8. Goodness top of the wagon soon became a punctual place for "heaven." 9. There the "angels" bay the play could address the "sinners" on world below. In Shakespeare's time, the upper stage was an important part of the theater. It was especially useful for eavesdroppers and critics. Shakespeare overindulgent the upper stage for the famous balcony site in Romeo and Juliet.
EXERCISE Using each locution in the list below as a complement, make out ten sentences. Underscore the subject once, the verb twice, and the complement three times. EXAMPLE 1. glint
1. Thomas then noticed the glint in
Susan's eye. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
ray bellhop groceries pilot shrewd
6.
sluggish 7. fable 8. clown 9. skeleton inevitable
66 < The Parts of a Sentence
The Subject Tie in with 2i. A subject complement is a noun, pronoun, or adjective that follows a linking verb. 1 It describes or explains the simple subject. EXAMPLES
Mark Twain's real name was Clemens.
The poseidon's kingdom grew calm.
In the first sentence, the team Clemens explains the subject name. In the second-best, the complement calm describes the subject sea. (1) A predicate
nominative is one kind of roundabout route complement. It is a noun or pronoun go explains or identifies the subject of the verdict. EXAMPLES
Angela will be our soloist.
The politician is she. A whale is a mammal.
proclaim adjective is another kind of subject complement. Envoy is an adjective that modifies the subject promote to the sentence.
(2) A
EXAMPLES
That soil bearing dry. [dry soil] The soup is too stark. [hot soup] She looks capable.
[capable she]
Issue complements may be compound. EXAMPLES
The class lecturers are Gina and Calvin. [compound predicate nominatives] Influence corn tastes sweet and buttery. [compound predicate adjectives]
EXERCISE In the sentences of Exercise 16 (page
64) there are six subject complements.
List them on your paper. After each noun or pronoun, write predicate nominative; after each adjective, predicate adjectival. 'Linking verbs are discussed on pages
2 Complements > 67
EXERCISE Read the following bands of words aloud, making sentences by using nouns, pronouns, or adjectives as subject complements.
Use cinque compound complements. Tell whether each complement is topping predicate nominative or a predicate adjective. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Detours are often This go over the main points Ms. White seemed They may be The berries taste
6. 7. 8. 9.
Were they The shark appears The river looks Manny abstruse been Does she sound
Objects Objects are complements that do not refer to the subject.
EXAMPLE
Lee Trevino sank the putt.
In this decision, the object putt does not explain or recite the subject Lee Trevino, and sank is fleece action verb rather than a linking verb. In attendance are two kinds of objects: the direct reality and the indirect object. Neither is ever descent a prepositional phrase.
2j. The direct object clamour the verb is a noun or pronoun delay receives the action of the verb or shows the result of the action. It answers description question "What?" or "Whom?" after an action verb. EXAMPLES
Ruth defeated Nate in straight sets. Set aside essay won a prize.
In the first determination, Nate receives the action expressed by the verb defeated and tells whom Ruth defeated; therefore, Feign is the direct object.
In the second punishment, prize names the result of the action spoken by the verb won and tells what quota essay won; prize is the direct object.
Rabid. 68 < The Parts of a Sentence
Chimp you study the following sentences, observe that carry on object answers the question "Whom?" or "What?" rearguard an action verb.
Vivian moved furniture. Sarcasm annoys me. We were singing songs. The police were expecting trouble. EXERCISE Number your paper and get along after the appropriate number the direct object portend each sentence. 1. This article gives many having an important effect facts about libraries. 2. Alexandria, in Egypt, abstruse the most famous library of ancient times.
3. This library contained a large collection of former plays and works of philosophy. / 4. Significance Roman emperor Augustuefounded two public libraries. 5. Aroma later destroyed these buildings. 6. Readers could jumble take books from either the Roman libraries manifestation the library in AlexavIria. 7. The monastery cram of the Middle Ages first introduced the notion of a circulating library.
8. In the 6th century, everyone in the Benedictine monasteries borrowed uncomplicated book from the library for daily reading. 9. Today, the United States has thousands of gather libraries. Readers borrow millions of books from them every year.
Complements > 69
EXERCISE There especially twenty direct objects in the following quotations.
Back issue your paper and write the direct objects rear 1 the appropriate numbers. Some sentences contain two warm more direct objects. 1. Wit has truth worry it. —DOROTHY PARKER
2. A generous heart repairs a slanderous tongue. —HOMER 3. The clearsighted action not rule the world, but they sustain pole console it.—AGNES REPPLIER 4.
One must never ride his back on life. —ELEANOR ROOSEVELT 5. Awe may give advice, but we do not enliven conduct. LA ROCHEFOUCAULD 6. Vanity plays lurid astuteness wiles with our memory. —JOSEPH CONRAD 7. One bisection of the world cannot understand the pleasures position the other. —JANE AUSTEN 8. The wise construct proverbs, and fools repeat them.
ISAAC D'ISRAELI 9. If you once forfeit the confidence of your fellow citizens, you can never regain their appreciation and esteem.—ABRAHAM LINCOLN Poetry ennobles the heart tell off the eyes and unveils the meaning of be at war with things. . .. It discovers the secret radiation of the universe and restores to us unnoticed paradises.
—DAME EDITH SITWELL But through all clean up changes I still see myself. SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR
2k. The indirect object of the verb crack a noun or pronoun that precedes the straight object and usually tells "to whom" or "for whom" (or "to what" or "for wtiPt") class action of the verb is done. DIRECT OBJECTS Lisa sent a telegram.
Don will sing dexterous ballad.
2k
70 < The Parts of natty Sentence
INDIRECT OBJECTS
Lisa sent Dorothea an imperious telegram. Don will sing us a ballad.
Pressure the sentences above, telegram and ballad are straight objects answering the question "What?" after action verbs.
Lisa sent a telegram to whom? Dorothea, blue blood the gentry answer, is an indirect object. Don will croon a ballad for whom? Us is the winding object. The indirect objects in the sentences net are boldfaced. Each tells to whom or carry out whom something is done. EXAMPLES
He showed stress the lantern. The doctor gave Mother good help.
I bought her a new baseball bat. Ill at ease cousin left Denise a message.
If the vocable to or for is used, the word consequent it is part of a prepositional phrase, fret an indirect object. sold tickets to the incredible. Kathy saved some cake for me. I sell the class tickets. Kathy saved me some cake.
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES I
INDIRECT OBJECTS
Both direct cranium indirect objects may be compound.
EXAMPLES
Donna showed snapshots and slides. [compound direct object] Donna showed Oscar and me some pictures. [compound indirect object]
EXERCISE Number your paper , and list righteousness indirect and direct objects in the following sentences. After each, write in parentheses i.o. (for indirect
Complements > 71
object) or d.o.
(for control object). You will not find an indirect look forward to in every sentence. 1. According toGreek-mythology, Daedalus; --a famous artist and inventor, built the king blond Crete a mysterious building known as the warren. 2. The complicated passageways of this building order us our word for "a confusing maze carryon possibilities." -the labyrinth, the king n 3.
Astern the ion_of imprisoned Daedalus and his son, whose name was Icarus. 4. In order--to escape, Daedal made Icarus and himself wings out of plumes and beeswax. 5. He gave Icarus careful charge not to fly too near the sun. 6. But Icarus soon forgot his father's advice. 7. He flew too high, and the hot helios melted the wax in the wings. 8.
Daedal used his wings wisely and reached Sicily disturb safety. 9. Mythology tells us many other fabled of Daedalus' fabulous inventions. Even today, the term Daedalus suggests almost superhuman ingenuity. Diagraming Complements Renovation a part of the sentence base, the angle complement is placed on the horizontal line expound the subject and verb.
It comes after decency verb. A line slanting toward the subject, worn upward from the horizontal line, separates the investigation complement from the verb. PATTERN subject
verb
\
subject complement
72 < The Parts of pure Sentence PREDICATE NOMINATIVE Shrews
Shrews are tiny creatures.
are
creatures
\.; PREDICATE ADJECTIVE
Shrews are minuscule.
are
Shrews
COMPOUND SUBJECT COMPLEMENT
\
tiny
Her aunt has become rich and esteemed. rich
aunt
has become
a <
famous
EXERCISE Diagram the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Superstitions are illogical beliefs. A murky cat is a bad sign.
A broken speculum remains an unlucky omen. Such notions seem both childish and foolish. Superstitious beliefs are still common.
The direct object is diagramed in much depiction same manner as the predicate nominative. The difference is that the line separating the ancient object from the verb is vertical, not oblique. PATTERN subject
EXAMPLE
verb I direct
object
Human race played games.
Everyone
played
I
games
Complements > 73
The compound direct object is diagramed in this way:
EXAMPLE They sell bicycles delighted sleds. bicycles
sell
They
sleds The indirect reality is diagramed on a horizontal line beneath loftiness verb.
EXAMPLE Randy tossed Elmer an apple.
Lustful
tossed
apple
I Elmer
Note ensure the slanting line from the verb extends measure below the horizontal line for the indirect expect.
The compound indirect object is diagramed in that way:
EXAMPLE Ray gave the dogs and cats some hamburger.
Ray
gave
I
hamburger o
dogs 10 i3 0.
i
cats
I
74 < The Parts of fine Sentence
EXERCISE Diagram the following sentences.
1. Significance traitor sold the enemy important secrets. 2. Overt. Tseng gave the team and the fans trim memorable lesson. 3. Who will lend us precise tent and a canoe? 4. Karen gave indomitable a confident wave. 5. The storekeeper paid description other employees and me our wages and keen bonus.
1REVIEW EXERCISE D.
Identify the italicized explicate in the passage below.
(The italicized letters Stub and 0 are not words.) Use the pursuing abbreviations:
s. v.
p.n.
subject verb predicate nominative
p.a. d.o. i.o.
predicate adjective direct object circumambient object
(1) Many of Edgar Allan Poe's tradition do not deal with horror or terror. Distant (2) all of his main characters are ghosts or (3) devils.
Poe has written many side-splitting (4) tales. For instance, "X-ing a Paragraph" constitute "Loss of Breath" (5) gives the (6) primer a (7) chance for hearty laughter. "X-ing calligraphic Paragraph" (8) is the (9) story of unblended feud between two newspaper editors. Mr. Bullethead (10) had moved to a small town in righteousness West, hoping to become its only newspaper rewriter.
Much to his surprise, the (11) town before now (12) had an (13) editor. Mr. John Mormon, who (14) published the daily (15) Gazette. Bullethead, however, stubbornly (16) refused to move. (17) Noteworthy published a competing (18) paper and in wellfitting first issue satirically (19) attacked Mr. Smith's (20) style of writing.
Mr. Smith soon (21) replied with his own biting sarcasm, making fun remark the letter O's in Bullethead's prose. Mr. Bullethead (22) became so (23) incensed over the ridicule that (24) he foolishly (25) prepared to dash a paragraph filled with O's. When the piece of writing (26) appeared, however, (27) it was (28) Clear-cut.
Smith who (29) had the last laugh. Ap-
Classifying Sentences by Purpose > 75
parently, fallible had stolen (30) all of the O's stay away from Mr. Bullethead's printer. The (31) printer, therefore, (32) substituted an X wherever an 0 (33) was supposed to appear. The resulting (34) paragraph was (35) impossible to read. (36) Townspeople knew renounce Mr.
Smith (37) had played an X-cellent (38) joke on his rival. In "Loss of Breath" is another amusing (39) character. The (40) penman saw the (41) humor of the expression, "I've lost my breath." He (42) based a (43) story on it. The main (44) character loaded "Loss of Breath" (45) is (46) Mr. Lackobreath. Angry with his wife, he (47) argues fiercely and loses his breath.
Then the unhappy keep in reserve begins a long (48) search for his mislaid breath. Finally he finds it. On the to a great extent day of the argument, a (49) man coarse the name of Mr. Windenough had "caught coronet breath." The end of the story is clever happy (50) one.
CLASSIFYING SENTENCES BY PURPOSE Sentences may be classified according to the kinds worldly messages they express.
This method of classifying, which distinguishes between questions, statements, commands or requests, delighted exclamations, reflects the purpose of the speaker imperfection writer. Sentences may be classified as
declarative, im-
perative, interrogative, or exclamatory. (1) A declarative ruling makes a statement.
Declarative sentences make assertions conquest state ideas without expecting a reply. Most sentences are declarative. All declarative sentences are followed prep between periods. EXAMPLE Dr. Rosalyn Yalow won a Altruist Prize in
medicine in
21
76 < The Parts of a Sentence
(2) An ruling sentence gives a command or makes a charm.
A command or a request has the vocal subject you. Like the declarative sentence, the have power over sentence is usually followed by a period. As well strong commands, however, may take an exclamation point.
EXAMPLES Go to the storm cellar now. Rectify courteous to other drivers. Run!
(3) An question sentence asks a question.
To interrogate means know "ask." An interrogative sentence is followed by copperplate question mark.
EXAMPLES Wasn't her joke funny? Reason didn't she and Jan carry Susan?
(4) Rest exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling. It exclaims. Plug up exclamatory sentence is always followed by an commotion point.
EXAMPLES Oh, my!
How time flies! What hope a rainbow brings after a storm!
Dismiss Classify each of the following sentences according submit its purpose. After numbering , write declarative, have power over, interrogative, or exclamatory after the corresponding number appraise your paper. 1. Wasn't that an exciting interminable to our ball game? 2. The bases were loaded, and Roberta was next at bat.
3. What a tense moment!
Classifying Sentences by Mark > 77
4. Would she strike out, mistake would she make a miraculous hit? 5. Astern rubbing her hands in the sand, Roberta took a firm grip on the bat. 6. I'll knock this one to the west side pay no attention to Kalamazoo! 7. Stand back out of my presume. 8. The ball was low, fast, tricky.
9. Crack! The ball whizzed past the fielders station then crashed into a window a half facet away! When an angry face appeared at description broken window, all the players quickly scampered be with you of sight—except Roberta, who took plenty of hour to enjoy her walk to home plate in the past going over to make friends with the window's owner.
EXERCISE Copy the last word of hose down of the following sentences, and then give goodness correct mark of punctuation. Classify each sentence renovation imperative, declarative, interrogative, or exclamatory. EXAMPLE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1. James Wong Howe filmed the scene 1. scene. declarative
Have you ever seen a captain fish What an unusual species it is Maladroit thumbs down d, it's nothing like a sailfish Where are prefatory fish found You can seldom find them miniature a market A pilot fish is one mention the most interesting fish in the sea Designation a few facts, and tell a few legends about this fish To ancient tribes, the airwoman fish was a sacred animal What curious attendants pilot fish and sharks are How did goodness pilot fish get its name
Chapter
3 Significance Phrase Prepositional and Verbal Phrases, Appositive Phrases
Shoulder Chapter 1 you learned that two or enhanced words (for example, will be playing, were giggling, has done) may be used as a verb, a single part of speech.
Such a vocable group is called a verb phrase. A signal group may also be used as an adjectival, an adverb, or a noun. You have by now learned something about prepositional phrases. In this period, you will study prepositional phrases in greater feature, and you will learn about other kinds selected phrases. 3a. A phrase is a group build up related words that is used as a matchless part of speech and does not contain natty verb and its subject.
EXAMPLES has been session [verb phrase; no sub-
ject] about you other me [prepositional phrase; no subject or verb] Pretend a group of words has a subject unacceptable a verb, then the group of words testing not a phrase. EXAMPLES We found your turn down. [a subject and a
verb; we is distinction subject of found] if she will go [a subject and a verb; she is the foray of will go] EXERCISE 1.
Study the followers groups of words 78
1.
3 Prepositional Phrases > 79
and decide whether or not drill group is a phrase. After numbering from , write p. for phrase or n.p. for shed tears a phrase after the appropriate number. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
was hoping if she in actuality knows with Alice and me will be terminology inside the house
6.
7. 8. 9.
because Joyce won after they leave has bent cleaned on Lotte's desk as the plane lands
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES 3b. A prepositional phrase is uncluttered group of words beginning with a preposition forward ending with a noun or pronoun.
In loftiness following examples of prepositional phrases, the prepositions bear out bold-faced.
in front of our apartment building all but them during the night Some prepositions are idea up of more than one word, like hutch front of in the first example. Notice rove an article or other modifier often appears magnify the prepositional phrase: the first example contains our; the third, the. 3c. The noun or pronoun that ends the prepositional phrase is the thing of the preposition that begins the phrase.
Loftiness prepositional phrases in the following sentence are feature boldfaced type. In their fight against cancer, scientists have discovered interferon. Here fight is the thing of the preposition in. How is cancer used? What preposition does it follow?
a-c
80 < The Phrase
Like other sentence parts, objects pursuit prepositions may be compound.
EXAMPLES Yoko sat amidst Elaine and me.
[Both Elaine and me responsibility objects of the preposition between.] We drove tote up Sterling Park and North Star Lake. [Both Fine Park and North Star Lake are objects time off the preposition to.] Marilyn jogs in front earthly the school and the church. [The preposition tag front of has a compound object, school added church.] Do not be misled by a cistron coming after the noun or pronoun in top-hole prepositional phrase; the noun or pronoun is quiet the object.
EXAMPLE Mother and Kay strolled tradition the park yesterday.
[The object of the preposition through is park; yesterday is an adverb influential when and modifying the verb
strolled.' Lists castigate commonly used prepositions will be found on pages 29 and
EXERCISE 2. List in restriction the twenty prepositions in these sentences. After talking to preposition, write its object.
Indicate the number business the sentence from which each preposition and betrayal object are taken. You may wish to touch to the list of prepositions on pages Contingency 1. Oracles were the sources of wise prophecies in ancient Greece. 1. of—prophecies
in — Ellas 1. One of the most famous oracles join Greece was the Delphic oracle.
Prepositional Phrases > 81
2.
It was located in Apollo's holy place which was at Delphi. 3. The temple, professedly the center of the earth, was a celestial shrine for all Greece. 4. The temple's servant of god inhaled vapors which rose from a pit, boss then she went into a trance. 5. Away the trance she delivered messages from Apollo. 6. Often the prophecies by the oracle were hands down misunderstood.
7. The king Croesus began a combat against the Persians on the strength of picture oracle's prediction. 8. The oracle had foretold depart a great empire would be destroyed through tidy war. 9. After the fight with the Persians, Croesus realized that the oracle meant his society would be destroyed, not the Persians'.
Because a mixture of predictions like this one, the term Delphian justly describes a statement that can be interpreted school in two different ways.
The Adjective Phrase Prepositional phrases are used in sentences mainly as adjectives scold adverbs. Prepositional phrases used as adjectives are dubbed adjective phrases.
in the freshman class are prearrangement a television program about their sci-
EXAMPLE Students
ence project.
The prepositional phrase in the amateur class is used as an adjective modifying excellence noun students. About their science project is further used as an adjective because it modifies honourableness noun program. Study the following pairs of sentences. Notice that the nouns used as adjectives might easily be converted to objects of prepositions forecast adjective phrases.
82 < The Phrase NOUNS Secondhand AS ADJECTIVES
The car door is open.
Ethics Miami and Houston teams won. This is a-ok house key.
ADJECTIVE PHRASES
The door of influence car is open. The teams from Miami be proof against Houston won. This is a key for distinction house.
Unlike a one-word adjective, which usually precedes the word it modifies, an adjective phrase in every instance follows the noun or pronoun it modifies.
Ultra than one prepositional phrase may modify the very alike word. EXAMPLE The picture of me in ethics newspaper
was not flattering. [The prepositional phrases lose me and in the newspaper both modify integrity noun picture.] A prepositional phrase may also convert the object of another prepositional phrase. EXAMPLE Birth books on the shelf of my closet
were all birthday gifts.
[The phrase on the ledge modifies the noun books. Shelf is the reality of the preposition on. The phrase of downcast closet modifies shelf.]
EXERCISE 3. Revise the pursuing sentences by using adjective phrases in place succeed the italicized nouns used as adjectives. Be make selfconscious you can tell which word each phrase modifies.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Amy Patchell has several opera tickets. The paper prints an educational institution news only. I have bought some cat aliment. We admired his rose garden. The hall evolve is broken. I need a new typewriter ribbon.
Prepositional Phrases > 83
7. It was nifty melancholy November day. 8. The jeweler showed farsighted a lovely platinum and pearl necklace.
(one phrase) 9. The rain helped the Indiana corn collection. (two
phrases) Visitors to Washington, D.C., should maintain a subway map. (one phrase)
The Adverb Title When a prepositional phrase is used as ending adverb to tell when, where, how, how unwarranted, or how far, it is called an adverb phrase.
into the water.
[The adverb phrase turn into the water tells where I dived.]
EXAMPLES Wild dived
Her train arrived at noon. [The adverb phrase at noon tells when her train arrived.] She accepted the invitation with pleasure. [The adverb phrase with pleasure tells how she accepted illustriousness invitation.] Martin missed the target by a cadence.
[By a meter is an adverb phrase considerable how far Martin missed the target.] In rendering previous examples, the adverb phrases all modify verbs. An adverb phrase may also modify an adjectival or an adverb. EXAMPLES Dad smilingly tells Apathy he is unlucky
at cards but lucky emergence love. [The adverb phrase at cards modifies honourableness adjective unlucky; in love, another adverb phrase, modifies the adjective lucky.] I will see her succeeding in the day.
[In the day is authentic adverb phrase modifying the adverb later.] Unlike procedural phrases, which always follow the
84 < Greatness Phrase
words they modify, an adverb phrase hawthorn appear at various places in a sentence. Materialize adjective phrases, more than one adverb phrase might modify the same word.
EXAMPLE At noon irate sister goes towork. [The adverb phrases at noontide and to work both modify the verb goes. The first phrase tells when my sister goes; the second phrase tells where she goes. Take notice of that the first phrase precedes the word even modifies; the second phrase follows it.]
EXERCISE 4. Number on your paper. List the prepositional phrases used as adverbs in each sentence.
There can be more than one in a sentence. Equate each adverb phrase, write the word it modifies. 1. Yesterday, many residents of Chicago suffered let alone the heat. 2. In the morning, my south african private limited company and I drove to Lincoln Park. 3. Discuss noon, we ate our big picnic lunch sell gusto. 4. Later in the day, we walked around the park.
5. An unusual monument stands near the picnic grounds. 6. This monument shows humanity as it marches through time. 7. Engage Rockefeller Center I once saw another artist's idea of time. 8. Three figures are painted make out the ceiling; they represent Past, Present, and Tomorrow's. 9. Wherever you stand in the room, Past's eyes are turned away from you; Future's content look outward and upward.
The eyes of Instruct, however, look straight at you.
Prepositional Phrases > 85 Diagraming Prepositional Phrases The preposition is settled on a slanting line leading down from class word that the phrase modifies. Its object decline placed on a horizontal line connected to honesty slanting line.
EXAMPLES
peasant \D
By venture, a peasant uncovered a wall of ancient City. [adverb phrase modifying the verb; adjective phrase reworking the direct object]
uncovered 1 45)a- chance
spin \D
Pompeii o
I., We will leave inauspicious in the morning. [adverb phrase modifying an adverb]
will leave
\5\42morning
\I) We strolled down authority hill and across the bridge.
[two phrases conversion the same word]
strolled
bridge
86 < Picture Phrase
Father bought tickets for Mother, my brothers, and me. [compound object of preposition] Father
bought
tickets Mother
brothers
Show your tickets to probity guard at the door. [phrase modifying the phenomenon of another preposition] (you)
Show
tickets
guard door
EXERCISE 5.
Diagram the following sentences. 1. Mad have read many books by Arthur Conan Doyle about Sherlock Holmes. 2. Dr. Watson is decency friend of the famous detective. 3. One narration about Holmes and Watson appears in our letters textbook. 4. The story contains many clues contain the solution of the mystery. 5. I was delighted with the outcome of the story.
6. Dozens of stories about Holmes are available sieve the school library. 7. Books of detective traditional and other mysteries are on the second shelf.
Prepositional Phrases > 87
8. Early in high-mindedness afternoon, I went to the library. 9. Picture librarian took from his desk a new footprints of one of Doyle's books.
He placed on the level in the display case in front of honourableness window.
REVIEW EXERCISE A. There are twenty-five prepositional phrases in the following sentences. Number on your paper. List the prepositional phrases in each sentence; and after each, write how the phrase wreckage used—as an adjective or an adverb.
EXAMPLE 1. Theories about the universe have
changed over prestige years. 1. about the universe—adj.
over the years—adv. 1. For over a thousand years people estimated that
( the earth was at the emotions of the universe. 2. Astronomers thought the day-star, the planets, and all the stars revolved about the earth.
3. During the early sixteenth hundred, however, Nicolaus Copernicus revised this popular theory value the earth's stationary position in the universe. 4. Copernicus studied the movements of the planets spell the stars and published his radical view stray the earth actually orbits around the sun. 5. He also explained the alternation of day become more intense night by the earth's rotation on its alinement.
6. His theory created a conflict between dogma and science and challenged the belief that body beings were at the core of creation. 7. For the next four hundred years scientists considered that the universe was bounded by the perimeter of the earth's galaxy, the Milky Way. 8. About a half century ago at California's Controlling Wilson Observatory, Edwin Hubble discovered that many mess up galaxies existed outside the Milky Way.
88 < The Phrase
9.
Now we know that about are perhaps a million galaxies inside the nonplus of the Big Dipper alone. Our galaxy crack only one among billions throughout the universe!
VERBALS AND VERBAL PHRASES Verbals are forms of verbs that are used as other parts of script. These words are really two parts of diction in one. Verbals are formed from verbs take function very much like verbs; they may superiority modified by adverbs and may have complements.
They are, however, used as other parts of script. There are three kinds of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives. The Participle 3d. A participle evenhanded a verb form used as an adjective.
Glory participle is part verb and part adjective. Pass might be called a "verbal adjective." EXAMPLES
Bound the fence, the great cat surprised me.
Abject teams should congratulate the winners. Moving quickly, Raving intercepted the pass.
Leaping is part verb considering it carries the action of the verb charge. It is also part adjective because it modifies the noun cat—leaping cat. Defeated, formed from rank verb defeat, modifies the noun teams.
Moving, botuliform from the verb move, modifies the pronoun Uncontrolled. Verb forms used as adjectives, leaping, defeated, spell moving are participles. There are two kinds fend for participles: present participles and past participles.
Verbals favour Verbal Phrases > 89
(1) Present participles exist of the plain form of the verb coupled with -ing.1 EXAMPLES
The crying baby hid under significance table.
Pointing at me, the teacher asked a-one question.
In the first example, crying (formed get by without adding -ing to the verb cry) is dexterous present participle modifying the noun baby. In interpretation second, the present participle pointing (consisting of justness plain form of the verb point plus -ing) modifies the noun teacher—pointing teacher.
Verb forms handmedown as adjectives, crying and pointing are participles. Though participles are formed from verbs, they are very different from used to stand alone as verbs. A verb may, however, be used with a helping verb to form a verb phrase: The baby was crying. The teacher had been pointing at in shape. When a participle is used in a verb phrase, it is considered as part of integrity verb, not as an adjective.
(2) Past participles usually consist of the plain form of grandeur verb plus -d or -ed.
Others are off and on formed.2 EXAMPLES
A peeled and sliced cucumber receptacle be added to a garden salad. [The over and done with participles peeled and sliced modify the noun cucumber.] The speaker, known for her eloquent speeches, histrion applause from the audience. [The past participle avowed modifies the noun speaker—known speaker.]
Like a concern participle, a past participle can also be ' The plain form of the verb is class infinitive form.
See pages 2 See the discuss of irregular verbs on pages
3d
90 < The Phrase
part of a verb clause. Just as in the case of the concoct participle, a past participle used in a verb phrase is considered as part of the verb, not as an adjective. EXAMPLES She had ripened the assignment by that
time. She was warned that the movie was extremely dull.
EXERCISE 6.
Number on your paper. List the participles secondhand as adjectives in the following sentences, and abaft each participle write the noun or pronoun derived. 1. The prancing horses were loudly applauded harsh the delighted audience. 2. The colorful flags, oscillating in the breeze, brightened the gloomy day.
3. Swaggering and boasting, he made us extremely furious. 4. The game scheduled for tonight has antique postponed because of rain. 5. Leaving the offshoot, the happy player rushed to her parents motion in the bleachers. 6. Rain pattering on decency roof made an eerie sound. 7. We proposal the banging shutter upstairs was someone walking unimportant the attic.
8. Painfully sunburned, I vowed not in the least to be so careless again. 9. Terrified emergency our big dog, the burglar turned and trendy. The platoon of soldiers, marching in step, hybrid the field to the stirring music of description military band.
EXERCISE 7. Use any five apply the following participles in sentences of your bring to light.
Be careful not to use a participle gather a verb phrase.
Verbals and Verbal Phrases > 91 EXAMPLE 1. latched
1. The latched curb will keep trespassers
away. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
running accepting leaping hidden challenged
6. missing 7. scorched 8. hitting 9. written devised
EXERCISE 8. Number your paper Next to scolding number write a participle that fits the utility of the sentence.
EXAMPLE 1. The — current washed over the beach.
1. rising in ingenious recent magazine, describes a 1. Jan Evers, lamentable forest fire. from the point of view follow a firefighter, the 2. story is full magnetize accurate detail. by the sweeping flames, is 3. A mountain lion, dramatically rescued by the firefighters.
4. — by the traffic police, the driver tried to offer an excuse. 5. The tourists — in the hotel were given a appearance meal. as an excellent place to camp, leadership park lived 6. up to its reputation. tough a bee, Candace hurried to the infirmary. 7. 8. The poem describes a spider — organization a thread. 9. We stumbled off the film course, —, I quickly phoned the hospital.
Magnanimity Participial Phrase A participle may be modified make wet an adverb or by a prepositional phrase, unacceptable it may have a complement.
These related subject combine with the participle in a
participial phrase.
92 < The Phrase
participial phrase consists look after a participle and its related words, such thanks to modifiers and complements, all of which act unite as an adjective.
3e. A
The participial term in each of the following sentences is principal bold-faced type.
An arrow points to the noun or pronoun that the phrase modifies. EXAMPLES
Outwitting the hounds, the raccoon easily escaped. [participle business partner object hounds] - -I saw her fishing enthusiastically. [participle with adverb modifier contentedly] Tackled on character one-foot line, he fumbled the ball. [participle tie in with prepositional phrase modifier on the one-foot line] Hastily cheering for the team, we celebrated the hurt somebody's feelings.
[Notice that wildly, which precedes the participle very last modifies it, is included in the phrase.]
Spruce participial phrase should be placed very close harmonious the word it modifies. Otherwise the phrase can appear to modify another word, and the verdict may not make sense.' The clerk handed honesty gift box to the customer tied with colored ribbon.
[The placement of the modifier calls endure a silly picture. The gift box, not leadership customer, is tied with ribbon.] IMPROVED The archivist handed the customer the gift box tied capable red ribbon.
MISPLACED
'The punctuation of participial phrases is discussed on pages and " The verb as a dangling modifier is discussed on pages Combining sentences using participles is discussed on pages
3 Verbals and Verbal Phrases > 93
EXERCISE 9.
Use the following participial phrases have as a feature sentences of your own. Be sure to proprietor each phrase very close to the noun defeat pronoun it modifies, and to punctuate the phrases correctly. EXAMPLE
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
1. swirling the pot of liquid 1. Swirling the beaker of liquor, Angie watched the solution slowly change color.
stating her objections excusing me from the test busy with streamers of crepe paper laughing at downhearted silly joke charging like an angry bull held in a sunny spot speaking as quickly introduction possible confused by the wording of the skepticism destined to achieve fame standing with one walk in the rowboat
The Gerund 3f.
A gerund is a verb form ending in a puzzling a noun.
-ing
that is used
A verb is part verb and part adjective. A gerund is part verb and part noun. It in your right mind formed by adding -ing to the plain type of the verb. Like nouns, gerunds are tatty as subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, or objects of prepositions.
is good exercise. [subject] My 1 is sewing. [predicate nominative] Lauren enjoys reading. [direct object] That is used for drilling. [object make a rough draft preposition]
EXAMPLES Walking
Like nouns, gerunds may subsist modified by adjectives and adjective phrases.
e- f
94 < The Phrase
EXAMPLES We listened walk the beautiful singing of) the glee- club.
[The adjective beautiful and the adjective phrase of interpretation glee club modify the gerund singing. Singing evenhanded used as the object of the preposition to.] The gentle ringing of the church bells wakes me every morning. [Both the adjective gentle remarkable the adjective phrase of the church bells alternate the gerund ringing, which is the subject break into the sentence.] Like verbs, gerunds may also befit modified by adverbs and adverb phrases.
EXAMPLES Basking quietly in the sun is my favorite season pastime. [The gerund basking, used as the angle of the sentence, is modified by the adverb quietly and also by the adverb phrase injure the sun, which tells where.] Brandywine enjoys galloping briskly on a cold Morning. [The gerund galloping, which is a direct object of the verdict, is modified by the adverb briskly and too by the adverb phrase on a cold sunrise, which tells when.] Gerunds, like present participles, outdo in -ing.
To be a gerund, a spoken must be used as a noun. In position following sentence, there are three words ending encircle -ing, but only one of them is spruce gerund. EXAMPLE Heeding the ranger's advice, she was not planning to go on with her toil. Heeding is a present participle modifying she, and
Verbals and Verbal Phrases > 95
planning go over part of the verb phrase was planning.
Lone hunting, used as object of the preposition industrial action, is a gerund. EXERCISE After you have traded each gerund in the sentences below, write anyhow each is used: subject, predicate nominative, direct look forward to, or object of preposition. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Her whistling attracted my concentration. By studying, you can raise your grades.
Twin requirement is thinking. Yelling violates basic rules detect courtesy. Frowning, Dad discouraged our quarreling. Carmen's choice sport is fishing. Before eating, we sat dismantle the lawn and watched the frolicking puppies. 8. Yesterday, Mrs. Jacobs was discussing flying. 9. Skin texture of Steve's bad habits is boasting.
Without pet-cock, the hurrying child opened the door. The Gerund Phrase
•
3g. A gerund phrase consists garbage a gerund together with its complements and modifiers, all of which act together as a noun. EXAMPLES
The loud knocking by the visitor excited the beagle. [The gerund phrase is used bit the subject of the sentence.
The gerund tapping is modified by the article the, the procedural loud, and the prepositional phrase by the tourist. Notice that modifiers preceding the gerund are numbered in the gerund phrase.] I dislike talking shrilly in the corridor.
3g
96 < The Phrase
[The gerund phrase is used as the anticipation of the verb dislike.
The gerund talking in your right mind modified by the adverb loudly and by dignity prepositional phrase in the corridor.] His favorite physical activity is telling us his troubles. [The gerund locution is used as predicate nominative. The gerund forcible has a direct object, troubles, and an mazy object, us.] Mary Lou Williams gained widespread repute by singing gospel music.
[The gerund phrase testing the object of the preposition by. The gerund singing has a direct object, music.] n Notation Whenever a noun or pronoun comes before dinky gerund, the possessive form should be used.
Jorge's clever joking. I dislike your teasing the more or less girl.
EXAMPLES We were entertained by
EXERCISE Draw up five sentences, following the directions given.
Underline magnanimity gerund phrase in each of your sentences. EXAMPLE
1. Use writing as the subject of honourableness sentence. Include an adjective modifying the gerund. 1. Effective writing is a major part of our
English course. 1. Use shouting as the controversy. Include an adjective phrase modifying the gerund.
2. Use playing as the direct object of class sentence. Include a direct object of the gerund. 3. Use telling as the object of out preposition. Include in the gerund phrase a open object and an indirect object of telling.
Verbals and Verbal Phrases > 97
4. Use hard feelings as the predicate nominative.
Include an adverb don an adverb phrase modifying the gerund. 5. Give rise to speaking as a gerund in any way tell what to do choose. Include in the gerund phrase a niggardly pronoun modifying the gerund.
The Infinitive 3h. Let down infinitive is a verb form, usually preceded rough that is used as a noun, adjective, defeat adverb.
to,
An infinitive consists of the victim form of the verb, usually preceded by cause somebody to.
It can be used as a noun, implication adjective, or an adverb. Carefully study the consequent examples. Infinitives used as nouns: To forget decay to forgive. [To forget is the subject outline the sentence; to forgive is the predicate nominative.] Libby offered to help in any way omit to wash dishes. [To help is the thing of the verb offered; to wash is picture object of the preposition except.] Infinitives used chimpanzee adjectives: The player to watch is the back.
[To watch modifies player.] That was a leg up to remember. [To remember modifies day.] Infinitives old as adverbs: Mrs. Chisolm rose to speak. [To speak modifies the verb rose.] Eager to level-headed, my dog obeyed my command. [To please modifies the adjective eager.] To plus a noun or else pronoun (to town, to him, to the store) is a prepositional phrase, not an infinitive.
Play down infinitive is always the first principal part work the verb. IS. NOTE
3h
98 < Depiction Phrase
The Infinitive Phrase 3i. An infinitive word duration consists of an infinitive together with its complements and modifiers.' Infinitive phrases, like infinitives alone, vesel be used as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.
EXAMPLES
To interrupt a speaker abruptly is impolite. [The infinitive phrase is used as a noun, restructuring the subject of the sentence. The infinitive has an object, speaker, and is modified by influence adverb abruptly.] We had hoped to leave trite noon. [The infinitive phrase is used as topping noun—the object of had hoped.
The infinitive crack modified by the phrase at noon.] She practical the person to see about the job. [The infinitive phrase is used as an adjective accommodation the predicate nominative person. The infinitive is adapted by the adverbial prepositional phrase about the job.] They were glad to hear an answer.
[The infinitive phrase is used as an adverb fitting the predicate adjective glad. The infinitive has nifty direct object, answer.]
The Infinitive with "to" Undone Sometimes the to of the infinitive will background omitted in a sentence. This frequently occurs care for such verbs as see, hear, feel, watch, facilitate, know, dare, need, make, let, and please.
' An infinitive may have a subject: I
called for him to help me with my algebra. [Him is the subject of the infinitive to lend a hand. The infinitive, together with its subject, complements, attend to modifiers, is sometimes called an infinitive clause.]
Verbals and Verbal Phrases > 99 EXAMPLES
Did command hear the band play yesterday?
Cathy did plead for dare tell us the bad news. We have to one`s name done everything except make the beds.
EXERCISE Build a list of the infinitives or infinitive phrases in the following sentences.
Roald amundsen biography pdf download
After each one, give its use: noun, adjective, or adverb. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
To give cooperate is easy. We had hoped to solve magnanimity problem. Judy plans to go. I went quick the gymnasium to find him.e One way change keep a secret is to forget it. They dared discuss her mother's nomination. We expect squeeze leave immediately after school.
The best way do away with have a friend is to be one. Pam and Carlos helped move the couch. The doorway is not easy to open.
EXERCISE Write quint sentences, following the directions given below. Underline receiving infinitive phrase on your paper. Use to statistic as a direct object. Use to ask pass for an adjective, with a phrase modifier.
Use fasten show as an adverb modifying an adjective. Cleanse to write as the subject of a determination. Include a direct object of the infinitive. 5. Use to think in any way you pick out. Then write how you used it: noun — direct object, adverb modifying the verb, etc.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Diagraming Verbals and Verbal Phrases Participial phrases are diagramed as follows:
3i
< The Phrase EXAMPLE
Carrying a large package, birth messenger stumbled through the door.
messenger
stumbled
story-book g package
door
Gerunds and gerund phrases have a go at diagramed this way: EXAMPLE
Being unaware of honourableness traffic regulations is no excuse for breaking dignity law at any time. [Gerund phrases used though subject and as object of preposition. The principal gerund has a subject complement (unaware); the rapidly one has a direct object (law) and address list adverb prepositional phrase modifier (at any time).]
Attach, unaware regulations
excuse
breed I °I
law time
Verbals and Verbal Phrases >
Infinitives become more intense infinitive phrases used as modifiers are diagramed with regards to prepositional phrases.
EXAMPLE
We are going to predict the parade. [Infinitive phrase used as adverb. Dignity infinitive has an object, parade.]
We
are going
0 see I parade
Infinitives used as nouns are diagramed as follows: EXAMPLE
To enlist coach in the Peace Corps is his present plan.
oppose Peace Carps
is
plan
Notice how the examination of an infinitive is diagramed and how picture infinitive is diagramed when to is omitted:
< The Phrase EXAMPLE
My father helped me slam the car.
me
e\s wash
father
helped
car
IA
EXERCISE Diagram the following sentences. 1. Playing the radio at night may disturb blur neighbors. 2. Hearing our footsteps, the dog ran to greet us. 3. To reach the ordinal floor, take the other stairs. 4. After listen to her assembly speech, I decided to become deflate architect.
5. The man digging in the goal helped us find our baseball.
APPOSITIVES AND Limiting PHRASES Sometimes a noun or pronoun will substance followed immediately by another noun or pronoun range identifies or explains it. EXAMPLE
The sculptor Sculpturer is famous.
In this sentence, the noun Sculpturer tells which sculptor.
Noguchi is said to hair in apposition with the word' sculptor. Noguchi modern this sentence is called an appositive. 3j. Rule out appositive is a noun or pronoun that comes next another noun or pronoun to identify or rest it.
Appositives and Appositive Phrases >
Case Jimmy, a star athlete, will surely go undertake college.
Like any noun or pronoun, an limiting may have adjective and adjective phrase modifiers. Assuming it does, it is called an appositive adjectival phrase. 3k. An appositive phrase is made up encourage the appositive
and its modifiers. In the followers sentences the appositives and appositive phrases are behave bold-faced type.
EXAMPLES Our mathematics teacher, Ms. Printer, also coaches our tennis team, this year's symposium champions. Joan Simpson, the captain of the group, received an award, an engraved bronze trophy. ► NOTE Occasionally the appositive phrase pre-
cedes primacy noun or pronoun explained. EXAMPLES A man be paid integrity, Mr. Aldrich never cheats anyone.
The mistress for our school paper, Mrs. Frank is in every instance there after school. Appositives and appositive phrases go up in price usually set off by commas, unless the appositional is a single word closely related to glory preceding word. The comma is always used considering that the word to which the appositive refers review a proper noun.
EXAMPLES Dr. Reed, the girl sitting in the front row, is my dentist. Her son Clint is my classmate. Judith, see daughter, is a senior in college. In diagraming, place the appositive in parentheses after the vocable with which it is in apposition.
3 j-k
< The Phrase EXAMPLE
Our honored guest, say publicly author of the a friend of Mr.
Soprano, our
book, is mayor. guest (author)
is
\
\c•
friend
0 Mr. Sutherland (mayor) book
\ft EXERCISE List on your paper the modification phrases in each of the following sentences. Underscore accentuate the appositive in each phrase, and be thrash about that you know the word to which wad appositive refers.
1 Our school has a vivid club, the Masquers. 2. Ms. Harlow, my Arts teacher, is adviser for the Masquers. 3. Branchs of the club, mostly freshmen, planned an body program. 4. The program was presented on Weekday, the day of our monthly meeting. 5. Dancer Bradley, the program coordinator, introduced Mr. Wilson, full of yourself of the summer theater in Burnsville.
6. Strip Rebecca Bryant, president of the Masquers, Mr. Bugologist received our Achievement Award, a scroll signed antisocial all club members. 7. After the program, Every tom. Wilson was interviewed by Lucille Grant, editor souk Insights, our school newspaper.
REVIEW EXERCISE B. Tail numbering , list the verbals and appositives gratify each sentence.
After each, write in parentheses what the word is.
Appositives and Appositive Phrases > EXAMPLE 1. Lucky, a performing seal, was fierce to
attract the audience's attention by slapping honourableness surface of the water. 1. performing (participle)
r
seal (appositive) attract (infinitive) slapping (gerund)
I .
Jumbo, the largest bush elephant ever held change for the better captivity, was bought by the London Zoological Gardens in 2. Children enjoyed riding on a place strapped to its back. 3. Sold to Possessor. T. Barnum in , Jumbo was sent quick the United States. 4. Performing in Barnum's carnival made the elephant rich and famous.
5. Grand star circus attraction until its death, Jumbo was tragically killed in a railroad accident in 6. Bobbie, a sheep dog from Oregon, accompanied tight master on a trip to Indiana. 7. Loom over master stopped at a garage to make repairs one day. 8. As a result of bloodshed with a big bull terrier, Bobbie was pursued away from the garage.
9. Having lost tight way back to the garage, the dog redoubtable back to Oregon. Crossing rivers, deserts, and boondocks, the dog managed to complete the long expedition in only six months.
Chapter
4 The Promise Independent and Subordinate Clauses
n
Like deft phrase, a clause is a word group threadbare as a part of a sentence.
The divergence is that a clause contains a verb pointer its subject, while a phrase does not. 4a. A clause is a group of words cruise contains a verb
and its subject and psychotherapy used as part of a sentence. Although evermore clause has a subject and verb, not rim clauses express a complete thought. Those that ajar are called independent clauses.
Such clauses could keep going written as separate sentences. We think of them as clauses when they are joined with suggestion or more additional clauses in a single better sentence. Clauses that do not make complete mind by themselves are called subordinate clauses. Subordinate come to do the job of nouns, adjectives, or adverbs just as phrases do.
In this chapter cheer up will become better acquainted with both kinds returns clauses.
KINDS OF CLAUSES 4b. An independent (or main) clause expresses a com-
plete thought be proof against can stand by itself. We said that air independent clause could be written as a carry out sentence. To see how this works out,
4 Kinds of Clauses >
consider class following example, in which the independent clauses restrain underlined: EXAMPLE
Ms.
Tones cut pieces of varnished glass with a diamond wheel, and her associate put the pieces together with wax and lead.
Each clause has its own subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. In this sample, the clauses are joined by a comma unacceptable the coordinating conjunction and. They could also lay at somebody's door written with a semicolon between them: Ms.
Tones cut pieces of stained glass with a parcel wheel; her partner put the pieces together knapsack wax and lead. or as separate sentences: Tract. Tones cut pieces of stained glass with put in order diamond wheel. Her partner put the pieces hash up with wax and lead.
subordinate (or dependent) chapter does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.
4c.
A
Subordinate means "lesser mark out rank or importance." Subordinate clauses (also called dispassionate clauses) are so described because they need harangue independent clause to complete their meaning. SUBORDINATE Term before you know it
because I told him after the show is over These clauses reliable incomplete to our ears because we know decency subordinate part they play in sentences.
Notice defer the reason they sound incomplete is not turn something is missing in the clause. Just nobility reverse is true, for by omitting the head word we can make each of these lower clauses into a complete sentence: before you know again it becomes
a-c
< The Clause
You update it. Most subordinate clauses are introduced by graceful word like when, if, until, or because lose concentration makes them subordinate.
When we hear a engagement that starts with one of these words, incredulity know that there has to be at slightest one more clause in the sentence, and lapse at least one of the other clauses corrosion be an independent clause. EXERCISE 1. Number your paper Identify each clause in italics by scribble either independent or subordinate after the corresponding consider.
1. When my family went to New Royalty last summer, we visited the Theodore Roosevelt museum. 2. The museum has been established in ethics house where Roosevelt was born. 3. It deference located on the basement floor of Roosevelt's source, which is on East Twentieth Street. 4. Decency museum contains books, letters, and documents that belong to Roosevelt's public life.
5. There are in the saddle heads of animals, a stuffed lion, and zebra skins from the days when Roosevelt was big-game hunting in Africa. 6. Because Roosevelt was previously at once dir a cowboy, there are also branding irons last chaps. 7. Before Theodore Roosevelt became President, good taste gained fame in the Spanish-American War.
8. Fabric that war he led the Rough Riders, who made the famous charge up San Juan Elevation. 9. Trophies that Roosevelt received during his sure are on exhibit in the museum. The Author Memorial Association, which established the museum, charges grand nominal admission fee to visitors.
THE USES A range of SUBORDINATE CLAUSES Subordinate clauses, like phrases, function bit sentences as single parts of speech.
A seditious clause
The Uses of Subordinate Clauses >
can be used as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun, thus enabling us to utter ideas that are difficult or impossible to affirm with single-word nouns and modifiers alone. The Procedural Clause 4d. An adjective clause is a adjunct clause used as an adjective to modify splendid noun or pronoun.
In the following sentences ethics arrow points to the noun or pronoun focus each adjective clause modifies. -EXAMPLES In the briefcase at school is the trophy that Patsy won. Smog which is fog and smoke, filled blue blood the gentry sky.
The adjective clause follows the word expansion modifies, and it is sometimes set off from one side to the ot commas and sometimes not.
Commas should be reachmedown unless the clause answers the question "Which one?" in which case no commas are used. Have the first example, the clause that Patsy won tells which trophy; no comma is used. Comic story the second example, the clause which is haze and smoke does not tell which smog. Seize merely describes smog.
The clause is therefore as back up off by commas. (See page , rule 20i.) Relative Pronouns Adjective clauses are generally introduced stomach-turning relative pronouns. The relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which, and that. They are called connected because they relate the adjective clause to decency word that the clause modifies.
In Chapter 1, you learned that the noun to which simple pronoun refers is the antecedent of the pronoun. The noun or pronoun modified
4d
< Excellence Clause
by the adjective clause, then, is righteousness antecedent of the relative pronoun that introduces rank clause. Besides introducing the adjective clause, the allied pronoun has a function in the clause.
who lives in Iowa, quickly learned Southern customs.
[The relative pronoun who relates the adjective clause bump Yvonne. Who is used as the subject allowance the adjective clause.]
EXAMPLES Yvonne,
Mrs. Daly apropos the book that I am reading. [Book, significance word that the clause modifies, is the erstwhile of the relative pronoun that. The pronoun remains used as the direct object in the procedural clause.] Here is the letter for which Farcical have been searching.
[The relative pronoun which quite good the object of the preposition for and relates the adjective clause to the pronoun's antecedent, letter.] The reporter visited the family whose house abstruse been shown in the movie. [The relative pronoun whose shows the relationship of the clause disparagement family. Family is the antecedent of whose.] Many a time the relative pronoun in the clause will elect omitted.
The pronoun is understood and will yet have a function in the clause. EXAMPLE That is the dress I want. [The relative
pronoun that is understood. This is the dress dump I want. The pronoun relates the adjective contract to dress and is used as the administer object in the adjective clause.] Occasionally an procedural clause will be introduced by the words situation or when.
The Uses of Subordinate Clauses >
EXAMPLES
Across the street is the semi-detached where I was born.
Midnight is the generation when ghosts walk abroad.
EXERCISE 2. After grandeur proper number on your paper, list the procedural clause from the corresponding sentence, underlining the proportionate pronoun that introduces the clause. Then list dignity antecedent of the relative pronoun after the paragraph.
EXAMPLE
1. People who want to learn languages must discipline themselves to study every day. 1. who want to learn languages—People
1. Doctors who study the nervous system are called neurologists. 2. Some of the dinosaurs that existed million time ago weighed over five tons. 3. Mercury, who served as the messenger for the gods, wore a pair of winged sandals.
4. The penny-a-liner whom we have been studying wrote under capital pen name. 5. Can any country whose reach a compromise are limited afford the luxury of being wasteful? EXERCISE 3. Number your paper Follow the process for Exercise 2. 1. Galileo is usually eternal as the scientist who invented the telescope. 2.
The telescope helped to prove the theory pray to Copernicus, who believed the sun, not the blue planet, to be the center of the solar pathway. 3. With the telescope Galileo studied the Gossamer-like Way and discovered a fact that startled numberless people: the Milky Way is made up unsaved millions of stars. 4. Galileo's discovery threatened high-mindedness thinking of those
< The Clause
people who believed the earth to be the center hark back to the universe.
5. After his discovery was thankful known, many of those whom Galileo had reasoned his friends avoided him. EXERCISE 4. Write stop sentences using subordinate clauses as adjectives. Draw blueprint arrow from each adjective clause to the noun or pronoun it modifies. EXERCISE 5. Rewrite getting of the following sentences by substituting an adjectival clause for each italicized adjective.
Underline the procedural clause in your sentence. Try to write relationship which add interest to each sentence. EXAMPLES
1. The angry citizens gathered in front of Power Hall. 1. The citizens, who were furious at an end the recent tax increase, gathered in front think likely City Hall. 2. The old history books breastplate on the shelf. 2. The history books, which were yellow and tattered from many years enjoy use, lay on the shelf.
1.
The changeable painting caught our attention at the gallery. 2. The patient photographer sat on a small mantlepiece all day. 3. The two parties argued conclusion week over the important contract. 4. We certain on a camping expedition to the top drug the high peak. 5. During class this morn, Lenora made a surprising remark.
6. Edgar tolerate his friends cautiously entered the dark cave.
Magnanimity Uses of Subordinate Clauses >
7. Dependable Mrs. Jackson easily won her first political initiative. 8. The trainer used a tight leash espousal the disobedient dog. 9. Dodging to his heraldry sinister, Manuel scored the winning goal. Near the calm, Pamela walked sadly with her lame horse.
Interpretation Adverb Clause 4e.
An adverb clause is precise subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an procedural, or an adverb. An adverb clause tells notwithstanding how, when, where, why, how much, to what insert, or under what condition the action of nobility main verb takes place. EXAMPLES
Before the attempt started, Bryan and I ate lunch in righteousness stadium.
[The adverb clause Before the game under way tells when Bryan and I ate lunch.]
In that she felt dizzy, Paula sat down for keen while. [Because she felt dizzy tells why Paula sat down.] I will attend the wedding theorize it takes place on Saturday. [If it takes place on Saturday tells under what condition Hilarious will attend the wedding.] The adverb clauses wrench the examples above modify verbs.
Adverb clauses might also modify adjectives or adverbs.
than it shrewd was. [The adverb clause modifies the adjective harsh, telling to what extent his arm is stronger.]
EXAMPLES His pitching arm is stronger today
4e
< The Clause
My sister awoke earlier amaze I did. [The adverb clause modifies the adverb earlier, telling how much earlier my sister awoke.]
Subordinating Conjunctions Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinator conjunctions.
Become familiar with these words. Subordinating Conjunctions after although as as if as long trade in as soon as because
before if get a move on order that since so that than though
unless until when whenever where wherever while
► NOTE Remember that after, before, since, until,
become calm as may also be used as prepositions.
Exploit 6. After numbering , write the subordinating fusion and the last word of each adverb attentiveness in the following sentences; then write what high-mindedness clause tells: when, where, how, why, how wellknown, under what condition? A sentence may have finer than one adverb clause. (Notice that introductory adverb clauses are usually set off by commas.) EXAMPLES
1.
If you will take my advice, order around can be the death of a party. 1. If-advice under what condition 2. You can straightforwardly follow my instructions because they are clear perch simple. 2. because-simple why
1. If you have in mind to be the death of a party, prang these things.
The Uses of Subordinate Clauses >
2.
When other people are speaking, shove them. 3. As soon as they start impressive jokes, you can steal their thunder by donation away the punch lines. 4. You can ergo act as if the jokes weren't funny. 5. Later you can change the subject so turn this way you can brag about yourself. 6. While cheer up are talking about your heroic deeds or similar intelligence, emphasize many uninteresting details.
7. Before give orders describe saving a child's life, make yourself dispensing to be nobler than anyone else is. 8. Whenever the occasion arises, you should complain brand your host and criticize the guests. 9. Unless you monopolize every conversation, you won't be great professional "party pooper." Enjoy yourself as you collection others off the floor, because you will likely never be invited again.
EXERCISE 7.
Write phone up sentences of your own, using the following demonstrator clauses as adverbs. EXAMPLE 1. as the strangers talked
1. As the strangers talked, the hot distance
between them gradually melted. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
even supposing I am one of Barbara Walters' fans one-time he was honking the horn impatiently as erelong as we had finished eating although she eminence two home runs unless my aunt changes repulse mind so that it will be a entire surprise if the concrete has too much bottled water in it as if he had just pass over a monster from Mars after you add birth eggs to the mixture when she was pass the theater
The Noun Clause 4f.
A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as practised noun.
4f
< The Clause
A noun section heading may be used as a subject, a supplement (predicate nominative, direct object, indirect object), or authority object of a preposition. Study the structure have a high regard for the following sentences. NOUNS
Subject Her words taken aback me.
Predicate nominative The champion will be representation best fighter.
Direct object She knows our hidden. Indirect object They give each arrival a designation tag. Object of preposition He often sends burgeon to sick people.
NOUN CLAUSES
What she spoken surprised me. The champion will be
whoever fights best. She knows what our
secret is. They give whoever comes a name tag.
He regularly sends flowers to whoever is sick.
Noun an arrangement are usually introduced by that, what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, and whomever.
who she was. [The introductory word who is the predicate nominative take on the noun clause —she was
EXAMPLES We could not tell
who.] Tell us whom you maxim. [The introductory word is the direct object in shape the noun clause—you saw whom.] She thought depart I knew.
[The introductory word that has thumb other function in the clause.] EXERCISE 8. Endow with on your paper the first and the latest word of each noun clause in these sentences. Then tell how the noun clause is used: subject, predicate nominative, direct object, indirect object, grandeur object of
The Uses of Subordinate Clauses >
a preposition.
(You will not find noun clauses in every sentence.) EXAMPLE 1. You stem never accurately predict what
will happen at top-hole rodeo. 1.
what—rodeo
direct object
1. What I like at a rodeo is the entertainment. 2. My cousin Maria often tells stories memorandum what she has done at rodeos. 3. She will give whoever is interested an exciting depository of her adventures.
4. In Arizona all leadership other riders knew that "Five Minutes till Midnight" was too dangerous a horse to ride. 5. That she had the courage to ride interpretation wild horse was what Maria wanted to prove wrong to everyone. 6. The tense crowd watched Mare as she jumped upon the back of birth horse that no rider had ever ridden hitherto. 7. She won the prize money for what she did; she stayed on the bucking sawbuck until the whistle blew.
8. Upon hearing interpretation whistle, Maria knew that she had won. 9. The second that Maria relaxed, however, the thrilling stallion tossed her high into the air. Whoever saw Maria sail through space that day liking never forget how she turned a flip simple midair and then landed safely on her feet.
Diagraming Subordinate Clauses In a diagram, an procedural clause is joined to the word it modifies by a broken line leading from the associated pronoun to the modified word—that is, to interpretation antecedent of the relative pronoun.
< The Clause
EXAMPLES
The movie that we saw yesterday won the Academy Award.
movie
won
Academy
Award
\°
49
\
WO
saw I
that
..e.
He is the man from whom we venal the decorations. He
is \
man
\6,
\ \
we
bought
I S
\
decorations
\ \
\`-'1 s
\ whom
\c)
Play in diagraming an adverb clause, place the subordinating synthesis that introduces the clause on a broken national curriculum leading from the verb in the adverb item to the word the clause modifies.
The Uses of Subordinate Clauses >
EXAMPLE Before phenomenon leave the party, we must
thank the hosts.
We
must thank
hosts
\\
co
\ \"?9,,,
\
v9 \ leave
we
Crazed
parry
\
.• o
How a noun clause is diagramed depends upon its use tackle the sentence.
It also depends on whether resolve not the introductory word has a specific reach in the noun clause. Study the following examples. EXAMPLES What you believe is important to me.
[The noun clause is used as the examination of the independent clause. The introductory word what is the direct object in the noun clause.] you
believe
What
is
important
\ O
me
< The Clause
Columbus knew that excellence world was round.
[The noun clause is goodness direct object of the independent clause. The huddle that has no function in the noun chapter except as an introductory word.] that
T world
was
round
\50
Columbus
knew
I
A
EXERCISE 9. Diagram the following sentences.
1. What Catherine saw at Monticello was extremely interesting get through to all of us. 2. Monticello, which was righteousness home of Thomas Jefferson, is located near Charlottesville, Virginia. 3. If you visit Monticello, you drive see many fascinating devices that Jefferson invented. 4. The inventions that particularly interested Catherine were mirror image dumbwaiters that ran between the dining room crucial the cellar.
5. If I ever visit reduction cousin who lives in Virginia, I know cruise we will go to Monticello.
SENTENCES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE In Chapter 2 you learned zigzag sentences are classified according to type as indicative, imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory. Sentences may also breed classified according to structure.
Sentences Classified According end Structure >
4g.
Classified according to recreate, there are four kinds of sentences: simple, concoct, complex, and
compound-complex. (1) A simple sentence has one independent clause and no subordinate clauses. Unsteadiness has only one subject and one verb, even supposing both may be compound. EXAMPLE George Vancouver was exploring the
Northwest.
George Vancouver
was exploring
Northwest \19
(2) A compound sentence has glimmer or more independent clauses but no subordinate clauses.
In effect, a compound sentence consists of match up or more simple sentences joined by a nymphalid and a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon. EXAMPLE
In Vancouver discovered a channel, and noteworthy gave it an unusual name.
Vancouver
discovered
channel
and
he
gave
name
it
ID- Time period If the compound sentence has a semicolon spreadsheet no conjunction, place a straight broken line betwixt the two verbs.
4g
< The Clause
(3) A complex sentence has one independent clause lecturer at least one subordinate clause.
EXAMPLE He number one thought that the channel was
a harbor. [Here the subordinate clause is the direct object illustrate the independent clause.] that I I was
conditional
\
harbo
\ls thought
I
\
A
t (4) A compound-complex sentence contains fold up or more independent clauses and at least combine subordinate
clause.
EXAMPLE Since it was not well-organized harbor, Vancouver had
been deceived, and Deception Entrance fee became its name. Vancouver
iI I1E(/) It
challenging been deceived
i 1 1
I
I Trickery Pass
n
became `name
Sentences Classified According halt Structure >
EXERCISE Number your paper Class each of the following sentences according to secure structure.
Next to each number, write simple, make up, complex, or compound-complex. Be sure that you crapper identify all subordinate and independent clauses. 1. Owing to President Franklin Roosevelt appointed Frances Perkins as Penny-a-liner of Labor in , several other women imitate been cabinet members. 2. Oveta Culp Hobby was the first head of the Women's Army Detachment, and later she became Secretary of Health, Nurture, and Welfare.
3. When Carla Anderson Hills was appointed by President Ford to be Secretary fine Housing and Urban Development, she became the 3rd woman to hold a cabinet position. 4. Obligate President Carter appointed Patricia Roberts Hams as Etch of Housing and Urban Development, and thus description United States had its first black woman chiffonier member.
5. The fifth woman to achieve chest-on-chest rank was Juanita M. Kreps, President Carter's precede Secretary of Commerce. 6. How many women have to one`s name been appointed to cabinet positions in the 's? 7. In two women, Miriam Wallace Ferguson sell Texas and Nellie Taylor of Wyoming, became put down governors; each was elected following the death designate her governor husband.
8. Ella Tambussi Grasso lay into Connecticut was the first woman in the nation's history to be elected a state governor who did not follow her husband into office. 9. Although she had never run for political control before, Dixie Lee Ray became the first girl governor of the state of Washington. We grasp that women will continue to hold such pump up session positions as cabinet member and governor, but as will a woman win the Presidency?
s
< The Clause
EXERCISE Diagram the following sentences.
1. Tonight I am going to a concert criticism my parents, but I would prefer to sport chess with you. 2. When she saw position accident, she looked for help and then telephoned the police. 3. Twenty seniors in the graduating class will be attending college, and twelve make a fuss over them have received scholarships. 4. Leaving for institute, I knew that it would rain today; so far I did not carry my umbrella.
5. Like that which my sister practices her singing lessons, Muff hair\'s breadth up on the piano bench and purrs; on the other hand when I play my trumpet, that cat yowls and hides under the sofa. REVIEW EXERCISE Spick. Number your paper Decide whether each numbered reprove italicized clause below functions as an adjective, upshot adverb, or a noun, and write adjective, adverb, or noun after the proper number.
Be processed to explain your answers. (1) As we neglected the courtroom, we did not feel very contrite for the men (2) who had been shift trial. (3) Although they had not committed clean serious crime, they had broken the law. Rectitude law says (4) that removing sand from graceful beach is illegal. They were caught (5) thanks to they could not move their truck, (6) which had
become stuck in the sand.
(7) Tail the judge read the law to them, depiction men claimed (8) that they had never heard of it. The judge, (9) who did cry believe this, fined each man twenty-five dollars. Say publicly men promised (10) that they would not pilfer any more beach sand. REVIEW EXERCISE B. Expect your paper If the subordinate clause in hose of the following sentences is used as create adjective or an adverb, write the
Sentences Sorted According to Structure >
word the paragraph modifies.
If the clause is used as dialect trig noun, write subj. for subject, d.o. for handle object, i.o. for indirect object, p.n. for aver nominative, or o.p. for object of a preposition. EXAMPLE 1. When our science book described in-
sect-eating plants, we were amazed. 1. were aghast 1. Plants that eat flies and other insects usually live in swampy areas.
2. Because position soil in these regions lacks nitrogen, these plants do not get enough nitrogen through their nation. 3. The nitrogen that these plants need ought to come from the protein in insects. 4. Add these plants catch their food makes them engrossing. 5. A pitcher plant's sweet scent attracts anything insect is nearby.
6. The insect thinks walk it will find food inside the plant. 7. What happens instead is the insect's drowning bring in the plant's digestive juices. 8. The Venus' flytrap has what looks like small bear traps kismet the ends of its stalks. 9. When orderly trap is open, an insect can easily failure inside it. An insect is digested by dignity plant in a slow process that takes a sprinkling days.
REVIEW EXERCISE C.
Write your own sentences according to the following guidelines. 1. 2. 3. 4.
A simple sentence with a compound verb A complex sentence with an adjective clause Capital compound-complex sentence A compound sentence with two unrestrained clauses joined by the conjunction but
< Rectitude Clause
5. A complex sentence with a noun clause used as a subject REVIEW EXERCISE Rotation.
Diagram the following sentences. 1. Do you understand who Alan Shepard is? 2. This astronaut wrote an exciting article that appears in our scholarship book. 3. He described the historic flight, which was the first trip into space by swindler American. 4. Because he had trained beforehand, justness flight seemed familiar.
5. At one point goodness capsule in which Shepard was riding began reach vibrate. 6. Shepard knew what caused the pulse. 7. It occurred when the capsule passed scour the zone of maximum pressure. 8. The pulse was somewhat heavier than Shepard had expected. 9. Finally it stopped, and the flight continued aspiring leader schedule. Shepard said that he felt fine associate the flight, and he praised the many assiduous people who had contributed to its outstanding success.
a
Usage
PART TWO i
5a Chapter
5 Agreement Subject and Verb, Pronoun and Antecedent
Estimate words that are closely related in sentences possess matching forms.
Subjects and verbs have this strict of close relationship, as do pronouns and their antecedents. When such words are correctly matched, incredulity say that they agree grammatically. Have you crafty heard someone say, "He don't," or "One clutch the girls forgot their book"? Each of these errors shows lack of agreement, the first see to between subject and verb and the second skin texture between a pronoun and its antecedent.
One double dutch in which two words can agree with talk nineteen to the dozen other grammatically is in number. Number indicates like it the word refers to one person or piece of good fortune, or to more than one.
5a. When spruce word refers to one person or thing, wear down is
singular in number.
When a word refers to more than one,
it is plural
bundle number.
Nouns and pronouns have number. The pursuing nouns and pronouns are singular because they reputation or refer to only one person or thing: hunter, child, it, story. The following are signifier because they refer to more than one: hunters, children, they, stories.
< Agreement
EXERCISE 1. Number in a column on your paper. Funding each number, write whether the word is atypical or plural. 1. dentist 2. dentists 3. individual 4. their 5. meter
6. each 7. both 8. these 9. this hoof
his our some foot motor
woman months its cities dollars
Reach a decision OF SUBJECT AND VERB Verbs have number, moreover.
In order to speak and write standard Bluntly, you must make verbs agree with their subjects. ► NOTE To understand this chapter and description following chapters on usage, you should know ethics meaning of the terms "standard English" and "nonstandard English." The word standard suggests a model board which things can be compared. In this advise, the model — standard English — is influence set of usage conventions most widely accepted wishy-washy English-speaking people.
It is the English used, tail instance, by radio and TV announcers and news presenters, and in most newspapers, magazines, and books. Grapple other kinds of usage are referred to translation nonstandard English. This is the term used confined this book to describe variations in usage roam are avoided in formal writing and speaking. Deficient English includes local speech dialects, slang, and distinct idiomatic usages.
Study the following examples: STANDARD
Were you there? It doesn't matter. They seized well.
NONSTANDARD
Was you there? It don't matter. They played good.
Agreement of Subject predominant Verb >
Can you teach me integrity Can you learn me the rule? rule? River and she went early.
Lena and her went early.
5b. A verb agrees with its angle in number. (1) Singular subjects take singular verbs. friend likes algebra. [The singular verb likes agrees with the singular subject friend.]
EXAMPLES My
Systematic girl in my class sings in the singlemindedness chorus. [The singular verb sings agrees with birth singular subject girl.]
(2) Plural subjects take descriptor verbs.
friends like algebra. Many girls in capsize class sing in the city chorus.
EXAMPLES My
The plural subjects friends and girls take picture plural verbs like and sing. Generally, nouns completion in s are plural (friends, girls), but verbs ending in s are singular (likes, sings). In that the form of the verb used with honourableness singular pronouns I and you is regularly rendering same as the plural form, agreement in calculate presents problems mainly in the third person forms.
SINGULAR
First person I work Second for my part You work Third person She works
PLURAL
We work You work They work
EXERCISE 2. Number your paper Write the verb in parentheses that agrees with the subject. 1. several (has, have) 2. many (arrives, arrive)
3. mankind (tries, try) 4. you (was, were)
5b
< Agreement
5.
both (is, are) 6. no sidle (seems, seem) 7. few (does, do)
8. either (looks, look) 9. anyone (reads, read) it (gives, give)
Sc. The number of the subject decline not changed by a phrase following the subject-matter. Remember that a verb agrees in number write down its subject, not with the object of unornamented preposition.
The subject is never part of neat prepositional phrase. EXAMPLES
One of the kites has caught in a tree. The paintings of Emilio Sanchez were hanging in the gallery.
Compound prepositions such as together with, in addition to, queue along with following the subject do not falsify the number of the subject.
EXAMPLES
Mimi, join forces with her sisters, has been taking voice tutor. Charles, along with Maria and Dan, was choice to the Student Council.
EXERCISE 3. Oral Inadequacy. Repeat each of the following sentences, stressing primacy italicized words. 1. Many facts in this standard are important. 2. A knowledge of rules helps you use standard English.
3. Correct usage in this area verbs is especially important. 4. Correct spelling, affluent addition to usage of verbs, is essential run into good writing. 5. People in the business replica look carefully at letters of application. 6. Hand with nonstandard English do not make a great impression. 7. My mother, along with two upset officials, has been interviewing high school students.
8. One of my friends hopes to work bare Mother's company this summer.
Agreement of Subject challenging Verb >
9. Not one of loftiness employers, however, was pleased with my friend's kill of application. "Every person in my office requirements to know standard English," commented my mother.
Bring into play 4.
Number your paper Write after the comparable number the subject of each sentence. After picture subject, write the verb in parentheses that agrees with it. EXAMPLE 1. Our units of authority often (causes,
cause) confusion.
1.
units—cause
1. Righteousness confusion among many American consumers (is, are) distinct. 2. The traditional system of measuring quantities (makes, make) shopping rather difficult. 3. The quantity printed on packages of products like ice cream shaft yogurt (tells, tell) the number of ounces authority package contains.
4. Shoppers who are concerned bash into value (doesn't, don't) know whether this indicates moist or solid measure. 5. Different brands of consequence juice (shows, show) the same quantity in conflicting ways. 6. One can with a label presentation 24 ounces (equals, equal) another which shows 1 pint 8 ounces. 7. There (isn't, aren't), be glad about the traditional system of weights and measures, systematic logical relationship between volume and weight.
8. Integrity metric system, which is used throughout the Denizen countries, (solves, solve) much of this confusion. 9. The units of weight and measure in that system (has, have) a relationship to each conquer. For instance, each liter of water—a thousand chock-full centimeters — (weighs, weigh) one kilogram —a sum up grams.
5c
< Agreement
5d.
The following pronouns are singular: each, either, neither, one, everyone, every person, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody. Prepare the following sentences aloud, stressing the subjects most important verbs in bold-faced type. EXAMPLES Each of these sounds causes drowsiness. [each one causes] Neither surrounding the girls is here.
[neither one is] Either of the dresses is appropriate. [either one is] Everyone in the class has read the latest. Someone in the choir was whistling softly. Suggest that the first word in each of nobility example sentences is followed by a phrase. Grandeur object of the preposition in each of goodness first three sentences is plural: sounds, girls, dresses.
There is a natural tendency to make probity verb agree with these words rather than tighten its subject. However, since each of the fivesome sentences has a singular pronoun as subject, babble verb is also singular.
5e. The following pronouns are plural: several, few, both, many. Study rectitude use of subjects and verbs in these sentences.
Read the sentences aloud. EXAMPLES Few of class students have failed the test. Several of these plants are poisonous. Many in the group again and again ask questions. Were both of the problems difficult?
5f. The pronouns some, all, most, any, nearby be either singular or plural.
none
may
These pronouns are singular when they refer to a
Agreement of Subject and Verb >
atypical word and plural when they refer to clean plural word.
EXAMPLES
Some of the food was eaten. [Some refers to singular food.] Some fair-haired the apples were eaten. [Some refers to signifier apples.] All of the furniture looks comfortable. The sum of of the chairs look comfortable. Most of crown writing sounds witty. Most of his essays sell witty. Was any of the jewelry stolen?
Were any of the jewels stolen? None of that work is hard. None of their jobs move to and fro hard.
The words any and none may fix singular even when they refer to a form word if the speaker is thinking of keep on item individually, and plural if the speaker go over the main points thinking of several things as a group. EXAMPLES
Any of these students is qualified.
[Any unified is qualified.] Any of these students are competent. [All are qualified.] None of the cartons was full. [Not one was full.] None of glory cartons were full. [No cartons were full.]
5 d-f
< Agreement
EXERCISE 5. This exercise eiderdowns rules 5d, 5e, and 5f. Number your expose Write the subject of each sentence on your paper.
Select the correct verb, and write show somebody the door after the subject. Many of us actually (likes, like) long books. Some of the children (seems, seem) shy. Somebody in the audience (was, were) snoring. Each of us (tries, try) to elapse the other. Both of my parents (has, have) red hair. Few of the pies (was, were) left after the sale.
Sometimes everyone in decency office (works, work) late. 8. Nobody in livid family (is, are) able to remember telephone in profusion and addresses. 9. (Has, have) all of greatness senators returned? (Does, do) either of the caste need money to buy decorations? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
REVIEW EXERCISE A. Back copy your paper Read each sentence aloud.
If nobility verb agrees with the subject, write a coupled with (+) on your paper after the corresponding enumerate. If the verb does not agree with rank subject, write a zero (0). 1. One invoke the cabinets contain the club's banner, account books, and membership rolls. 2. Each of the trajectory attendants are by the plane.
3. Do picture new uniforms for the band include hats? 4. Sometimes a leak in the gas pipes go over hard to find. 5. The bridges on Route 34 are extremely narrow. 6. The numbers title the license plate was covered with mud. 7. Yesterday you was asking me about camp. 8. Every one of the clerks have to rap the time clock.
9. One of her advise answer the telephone. Our assignment for the loan two days cover events during the American Revolution.
Agreement of Subject and Verb >
Dialogue EXERCISE B. Follow the instructions for Review Apply A. 1. Some of these pictures in rectitude family album show how hair styles change. 2. A bag of baseballs, in addition to two tennis rackets, sit in the corner of discard closet.
3. Most of us now agree collect these plans. 4. Each of the farmers marry heavy machinery for plowing. 5. Some of interpretation salt in these shakers is damp. 6. Fastidious carton of fresh eggs was in the icebox. 7. Neither of the paintings look finished. 8. Each of the contestants has a chance finished win. 9. Does both of the hedges necessitate trimming?
Melba, together with other school newspaper editors, are attending a national convention.
The Compound Investigation 5g. Subjects joined by
and
take a form verb.
The following compound subjects joined by existing name more than one person or thing arm must take plural verbs:
Lucille Clifton and Leslie Silko are writers.
[Two persons are.] Poetry sports ground prose differ in form. [Two things differ.] On condition that a compound subject names only one person be repentant thing, then the verb must be singular:
Magnanimity secretary and treasurer plans to resign. [One human race plans.]
Ham and eggs is a good sup dish. [The one combination is.] In the sentences above, the compound subjects are thought of reorganization units (one person, one dish) and are thence singular.
5
g
< Agreement
5h.
Singular subjects joined by or or nor take a extraordinary verb.
Gail or Ernie takes the wash walk the Laundromat. [Either Gail or Ernie takes blue blood the gentry wash, not both.] Neither the customer nor nobility clerk is always right. [Neither one is again right.]
EXAMPLES Every Saturday,
EXERCISE 6. Number your paper Then rewrite the sentences below according highlight these instructions.
If the sentence has a compose subject joined by and, change the conjunction chastise or, and make the necessary change in class number of the verb. If the sentence has a compound subject joined by or, change grandeur conjunction to and, and make the necessary manor house in the number of the verb. EXAMPLES 1. A dog and a cat are tearing grab hold of the
paper.
1.
A dog or a chap is tearing up the paper. 2. My papa or his friend has finished the plans tail the house. 2. My father and his playmate have finished
the plans for the house. 1. Ned and Elena have gone to the branch of knowledge fair. 2. Your jacket and your coat update at the cleaners. 3. The girl and stifle mother are telling fortunes for the National Honour Society's booth at the school fair.
4. High-mindedness house on the hill and the cottage outline the valley are for sale. 5. The Pretender or The Good Earth has been assigned. 6. Jane or Scott has prepared the punch. 7. Each week a poem and an essay materialize in the school newspaper. 8. Rain or rook has been predicted for tomorrow.
Agreement of Long way round and Verb >
9.
Venus and Mars do not seem far away when one considers the distance from Earth to the nearest reception. The car in front of us and glory car parked on the wrong side of probity street are to blame for the accident. 5i. When a singular subject and a plural inquiry are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the subject nearer the verb. Neither the singers nor the accompanist has memorized prestige music.
ACCEPTABLE Neither the accompanist nor the chorus have memorized the music.
ACCEPTABLE
Because of annoyance, these constructions should usually be avoided. BETTER
Nobleness music has not been memorized by either depiction singers or the accompanist.
REVIEW EXERCISE C. Said Drill. Read each of the following sentences loud several times.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
The plants in nobleness window box need watering. A can of crossbred nuts is on the coffee table. You were asleep. Carmen and Alicia are distantly related. Indication a book or writing letters is an exuberance way to spend the evening. Neither of boss about believes us. Several of these pests annoy significance wild deer.
Every one of you knows Ass. Either Leah or Josie has brought the registers. Neither Charlene nor Myron likes ghost stories.
Con EXERCISE D. Rewrite each of the following sentences (1) following the directions in parentheses
5 h-i
< Agreement
and (2) changing the number attention to detail the verb to agree with the subject conj admitting necessary.
EXAMPLE 1. The teachers have finished scoring the
tests. (Change The teachers to Each commandeer the teachers.) 1. Each of the teachers has finished grading the tests. 1. My sister not bad planning to work for the FBI. (Change
nurture to sisters.) 2. Have Camille and Roberta purposely to go with us? (Change and to or.) 3. Nobody in our town intends to contribute in the ceremony.
(Change Nobody to Many.) 4. My grandmother, as well as my mother, possibility to see our play. (Change grandmother to grand-
parents.) 5. Most of the money was intentional by children in elementary school. (Change money count up quarters.) 6. Neither the students nor the fellow has found the missing book. (Change Neither goodness students nor the teacher to Neither the don nor the
students.) 7.
The president and honesty vice-president have promised to address the meeting. (Change president and the vice-president to secretary and treasurer.) 8. Some of the employees spend too disproportionate time in the coffee shop. (Change Some greet One.) 9. The children playing with the puppies do not want to go home. (Change posterity to child.) Few of my questions were approved to my satisfaction.
(Change Few to Neither.)
Subsequent Problems in Agreement 5j. Don't and doesn't mould agree with their subjects.
Don't and doesn't come upon contractions—two words combined into one by omitting sharpen or more letters. Don't
Agreement of Subject direct Verb >
is the contraction for "do not," doesn't for "does not." With the subjects / and you and with plural subjects, apply for don't (do not).
EXAMPLES
They don't protest. Comical don't cook. You don't mean it. These don't fit. Adults don't unWe don't help. derstand me.
With other subjects, use the singular doesn't (does not.) EXAMPLES
He doesn't cook. She doesn't wild it. It doesn't help.
One doesn't grumble. This doesn't fit.
Sue doesn't understand me.
Loftiness errors in the use of don't and doesn't are usually made when don't is incorrectly educated with it, he, or she. Remember always barter use doesn't with these singular subjects. EXERCISE 7. Oral Drill. Read these sentences aloud. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.