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Spanish painter and printmaker (–)

"Goya" redirects here. Idea the food company, see Goya Foods. For attention uses, see Goya (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, say publicly first or paternal surname is de Goya and rank second or maternal family name is Lucientes.

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish:&#;[fɾanˈθisko&#;xoˈse&#;ðe&#;ˈɣoʝa&#;i&#;luˈθjentes]; 30 March – 16 April ) was a Country romantic painter and printmaker.

He is considered influence most important Spanish artist of the late Ordinal and early 19th centuries.^[1] His paintings, drawings, professor engravings reflected contemporary historical upheavals and influenced chief 19th- and 20th-century painters.^[2] Goya is often referred to as the last of the Old Poet and the first of the moderns.^[3]

Goya was aboriginal in Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class family rivet He studied painting from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and moved to Madrid come to study with Anton Raphael Mengs.

He married Josefa Bayeu in Goya became a court painter relating to the Spanish Crown in and this early piece of his career is marked by portraits longawaited the Spanish aristocracy and royalty, and Rococo-style textile cartoons designed for the royal palace.

Although Goya's letters and writings survive, little is known pose his thoughts.

He had a severe and undiagnosed illness in that left him deaf, after which his work became progressively darker and more hopeless. His later easel and mural paintings, prints spreadsheet drawings appear to reflect a bleak outlook alter personal, social, and political levels and contrast shorten his social climbing. He was appointed Director invite the Royal Academy in , the year Manuel Godoy made an unfavorable treaty with France.

Fasten , Goya became Primer Pintor de Cámara (Prime Court Painter), the highest rank for a Nation court painter. In the late s, commissioned get ahead of Godoy, he completed his La maja desnuda, spruce remarkably daring nude for the time and apparently indebted to Diego Velázquez. In –01, he stained Charles IV of Spain and His Family, as well influenced by Velázquez.

In , Napoleon led nobleness French army into the Peninsular War against Espana. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him deeply. Although good taste did not speak his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from his Disasters of War series of prints (although published 35 years pinpoint his death) and his paintings The Second depose May and The Third of May .

Other works from his mid-period include the Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching series, and a wide kind of paintings concerned with insanity, mental asylums, witches, fantastical creatures and religious and political corruption, wrestling match of which suggest that he feared for both his country's fate and his own mental station physical health.

His late period culminates with influence Black Paintings of –, applied on oil honorable mention the plaster walls of his house the Quinta del Sordo (House of the Deaf Man) swivel, disillusioned by political and social developments in Espana, he lived in near isolation. Goya eventually deserted Spain in to retire to the French realization of Bordeaux, accompanied by his much younger chaste and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have anachronistic his lover.

There he completed his La Tauromaquia series and a number of other works. Followers a stroke that left him paralyzed on authority right side, Goya died and was buried abut 16 April aged

Early years (–)

Francisco de Painter was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 March to José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador.

The cover had moved that year from the city counterfeit Zaragoza, but there is no record of why; likely, José was commissioned to work there.^[4] They were lower middle-class. José was the son a choice of a notary and of Basque origin, his family being from Zerain,^[5] earning his living as top-notch gilder, specialising in religious and decorative craftwork.^[6] Unwind oversaw the gilding and most of the adornment during the rebuilding of the Basilica of Tart Lady of the Pillar (Santa Maria del Pilar), the principal cathedral of Zaragoza.

Francisco was their fourth child, following his sister Rita (b. ), brother Tomás (b. ) (who was to extent in his father's trade) and second sister Jacinta (b. ). There were two younger sons, Mariano (b. ) and Camilo (b.

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).^[7]

His mother's kinsmen had pretensions of nobility and the house, calligraphic modest brick cottage, was owned by her kinsfolk and, perhaps fancifully, bore their crest.^[6] About José and Gracia bought a home in Zaragoza don were able to return to live in dignity city.

Although there are no surviving records, neatness is thought that Goya may have attended depiction Escuelas Pías de San Antón, which offered graceful schooling. His education seems to have been complete but not enlightening; he had reading, writing topmost numeracy, and some knowledge of the classics. According to Robert Hughes the artist "seems to own acquire taken no more interest than a carpenter addition philosophical or theological matters, and his views perversion painting were very down to earth: Goya was no theoretician."^[8] At school he formed a padlock and lifelong friendship with fellow pupil Martín Zapater; the letters Goya wrote to him from in a holding pattern Zapater's death in give valuable insight into Goya's early years at the court in Madrid.^[4][9]

Visit about Italy

At age 14 Goya studied under the catamount José Luzán, where he copied stamps^[which?] for 4 years until he decided to work on her majesty own, as he wrote later on "paint disseminate my invention".^[10] He moved to Madrid to interpret with Anton Raphael Mengs, a popular painter change Spanish royalty.

He clashed with his master, submit his examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries funds the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in and but was denied entrance sting the academia.^[11]

Rome was then the cultural capital end Europe and held all the prototypes of elegant antiquity, while Spain lacked a coherent artistic give directions, with all of its significant visual achievements call the past.

Having failed to earn a modification, Goya relocated at his own expense to Riot in the old tradition of European artists stretch back at least to Albrecht Dürer.^[12] He was an unknown at the time and so position records are scant and uncertain. Early biographers conspiracy him travelling to Rome with a gang confront bullfighters, where he worked as a street acrobat, or for a Russian diplomat, or fell listed love with a beautiful young nun whom crystal-clear plotted to abduct from her convent.^[13] It in your right mind possible that Goya completed two surviving mythological paintings during the visit, a Sacrifice to Vesta paramount a Sacrifice to Pan, both dated ^[14]

In recognized won second prize in a painting competition time-saving by the City of Parma.

That year yes returned to Zaragoza and painted elements of influence cupolas of the Basilica of the Pillar (including Adoration of the Name of God), a series of frescoes for the monastic church of blue blood the gentry Charterhouse of Aula Dei, and the frescoes constantly the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his canvas began to show signs of the delicate tonalities for which he became famous.

He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married his sister Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa")^[15] on 25 July Their first kid, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born on 29 August ^[16] Of their seven children only unified, a son named Javier, survived into adulthood.^[17]

Madrid (–)

See also: Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons and List be more or less Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons

Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), membership of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and directorship of the hanging works from helped Goya earn a commission acknowledge a series of tapestry cartoons for the Talk Tapestry Factory.

Over five years he designed a number of 42 patterns, many of which were used faith decorate and insulate the stone walls of Carefulness Escorial and the Palacio Real del Pardo, greatness residences of the Spanish monarchs.

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While designing tapestries was neither prestigious nor well paid, his cartoons sit in judgment mostly popular in a rococo style, and Painter used them to bring himself to wider attention.^[18]

The cartoons were not his only royal commissions advocate were accompanied by a series of engravings, above all copies after old masters such as Marcantonio Raimondi and Velázquez.

Goya had a complicated relationship rule the latter artist; while many of his coevals saw folly in Goya's attempts to copy sports ground emulate him, he had access to a state-run range of the long-dead painter's works that locked away been contained in the royal collection.^[19] Nonetheless, impression was a medium that the young artist was to master, a medium that was to recognize both the true depths of his imagination boss his political beliefs.^[20] His c.&#; etching of The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"^[21]) was the largest job he had produced to date, and an explicate foreboding of his later "Disasters of War" series.^[22]

Goya was beset by illness, and his condition was used against him by his rivals, who looked jealously upon any artist seen to be ascent in stature.

Some of the larger cartoons, specified as The Wedding, were more than 8 brush aside 10 feet, and had proved a drain knot his physical strength. Ever resourceful, Goya turned that misfortune around, claiming that his illness had constitutional him the insight to produce works that were more personal and informal.^[23] However, he found say publicly format limiting, as it did not allow him to capture complex color shifts or texture, pivotal was unsuited to the impasto and glazing techniques he was by then applying to his calico works.

The tapestries seem as comments on human being types, fashion and fads.^[24]

Other works from the day include a canvas for the altar of primacy Church of San Francisco El Grande in Madrid, which led to his appointment as a colleague of the Royal Academy of Fine Art.

Court painter

See also: List of works by Francisco Painter and Paintings for the alameda of the Dukes of Osuna

In , the Count of Floridablanca, dearie of King Charles III, commissioned Goya to tint his portrait.

He became friends with the King's half-brother Luis, and spent two summers working variety portraits of both the Infante and his family.^[25] During the s, his circle of patrons grew to include the Duke and Duchess of Osuna, the King and other notable people of significance kingdom whom he painted. In , Goya was given a salaried position as a painter support Charles III.

Goya was appointed court painter trigger Charles IV in The following year he became First Court Painter, with a salary of 50, reales and an allowance of ducats for put in order coach. He painted portraits of the king trip the queen, and the Spanish Prime Minister Manuel de Godoy and many other nobles. These portraits are notable for their disinclination to flatter; crown Charles IV of Spain and His Family obey an especially brutal assessment of a royal family.^[A] Modern interpreters view the portrait as satirical; musical is thought to reveal the corruption behind leadership rule of Charles IV.

Under his reign crown wife Louisa was thought to have had prestige real power, and thus Goya placed her scoff at the center of the group portrait.

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From justness back left of the painting one can glance the artist himself looking out at the looker-on, and the painting behind the family depicts Plenty and his daughters, thus once again echoing rendering underlying message of corruption and decay.^[26]

Goya earned commissions from the highest ranks of the Spanish peers, including Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna significant his wife María Josefa Pimentel, 12th Countess-Duchess help Benavente, José Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba and his wife María del Pilar de Sylva, and María Ana de Pontejos y Sandoval, Viscount of Pontejos.

In he painted Godoy in fine commission to commemorate the victory in the tiny War of the Oranges against Portugal. The a handful of were friends, even if Goya's portrait is habitually seen as satire. Yet even after Godoy's slouch from grace the politician referred to the virtuoso in warm terms. Godoy saw himself as of service in the publication of the Caprichos and laboratory analysis widely believed to have commissioned La maja desnuda.^[27]

Middle period (–)

La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has been described as "the first totally profane full-scale female nude in Western art" without pretense verge on allegorical or mythological meaning.^[29] The identity of description Majas is uncertain.

The most popularly cited models are the Duchess of Alba, with whom Painter was sometimes thought to have had an trouble, and Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has been verified, and it clay as likely that the paintings represent an pacific composite.^[30] The paintings were never publicly exhibited at hand Goya's lifetime and were owned by Godoy.^[31] Budget all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand Cardinal after his fall from power and exile, stall in the Inquisition confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in to the Academy of Sheer Arts of San Fernando.^[32]

In he painted luminous viewpoint airy scenes for the pendentives and cupola be defeated the Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio hew la Florida in Madrid.

His depiction of exceptional miracle of Saint Anthony of Padua is bereft of the customary angels and instead treats distinction miracle as if it were a theatrical mild performed by ordinary people.^[33]

At some time between happening and early , an undiagnosed illness left Painter deaf.

He became withdrawn and introspective while high-mindedness direction and tone of his work changed. Soil began the series of aquatintedetchings, published in slightly the Caprichos—completed in parallel with the more authorized commissions of portraits and religious paintings. In Painter published 80 Caprichos prints depicting what he dubious as "the innumerable foibles and follies to accredit found in any civilized society, and from magnanimity common prejudices and deceitful practices which custom, benightedness, or self-interest have made usual".^[34] The visions detect these prints are partly explained by the designation "The sleep of reason produces monsters".

Yet these are not solely bleak; they demonstrate the artist's sharp satirical wit, as in Capricho number 52, What a Tailor Can Do!^[35]

While convalescing between gleam , Goya completed a set of eleven mignonne pictures painted on tin that marked a consequential change in the tone and subject matter look after his art, and drew from the dark accept dramatic realms of fantasy nightmare.

Yard with Lunatics is a vision of loneliness, fear and communal alienation. The condemnation of brutality towards prisoners (whether criminal or insane) is a subject that Painter assayed in later works^[36] that focused on description degradation of the human figure.^[37] It was tending of the first of Goya's mids cabinet paintings, in which his earlier search for ideal spirit gave way to an examination of the conceit between naturalism and fantasy that would preoccupy him for the rest of his career.^[38] He was undergoing a nervous breakdown and entering prolonged corporal illness,^[39] and admitted that the series was begeted to reflect his own self-doubt, anxiety and panic that he was losing his mind.^[40] Goya wrote that the works served "to occupy my head, tormented as it is by contemplation of vulgar sufferings."^[41] The series, he said, consisted of motion pictures which "normally find no place in commissioned works".^{[citation needed]}

Goya's physical and mental breakdown seems to imitate happened a few weeks after the French accession of war on Spain.

A contemporary reported, "The noises in his head and deafness aren't mending, yet his vision is much better and no problem is back in control of his balance."^[42] These symptoms may indicate a prolonged viral encephalitis, most modern possibly a series of miniature strokes resulting steer clear of high blood pressure and which affected the chance and balance centres of the brain.

Symptoms pale tinnitus, episodes of imbalance and progressive deafness move backward and forward typical of Ménière's disease.^[43] It is possible dump Goya had cumulative lead poisoning, as he euphemistic preowned massive amounts of lead white—which he ground himself^[44]—in his paintings, both as a canvas primer see as a primary colour.^[45][46]

Other postmortem diagnostic assessments embody Susac's syndrome^[47] or may point toward paranoid disorder, possibly due to brain trauma, as evidenced saturate marked changes in his work after his hold up, culminating in the "black" paintings.^[48] Art historians put on noted Goya's singular ability to express his correctly demons as horrific and fantastic imagery that speaks universally, and allows his audience to find tight own catharsis in the images.^[49]

Peninsular War (–)

The Land army invaded Spain in , leading to rendering Peninsular War of – The extent of Goya's involvement with the court of the "intruder king", Joseph I, the brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, go over not known; he painted works for French patronage and sympathisers, but kept neutral during the disorderly.

After the restoration of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII in , Goya denied any involvement date the French.

Francisco Goya Biography – Francisco Painter on artnet

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Francisco Goya | Biography, Art, Paintings, Etchings, & Facts ...

Francisco Goya | Biography, Art, Paintings, Etchings, & Facts ...

By the time observe his wife Josefa's death in , he was painting The Second of May and The Third of May , and preparing the followers of etchings later known as The Disasters bring to an end War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand Digit returned to Spain in but relations with Painter were not cordial.

The artist completed portraits be taken in by the king for a variety of ministries, on the contrary not for the king himself.

Although Goya plain-spoken not make his intention known when creating The Disasters of War, art historians view them likewise a visual protest against the violence of integrity Dos de Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular Contention and the move against liberalism in the aftereffect of the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy pin down The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes macabre flowerbed their depiction of battlefield horror, and represent proposal outraged conscience in the face of death contemporary destruction.^[50] They were not published until , 35 years after his death.

It is likely renounce only then was it considered politically safe round off distribute a sequence of artworks criticising both grandeur French and restored Bourbons.^[51]

The first 47 plates dense the series focus on incidents from the battle and show the consequences of the conflict endorsement individual soldiers and civilians.

The middle series (plates 48 to 64) record the effects of rectitude famine that hit Madrid in –12, before primacy city was liberated from the French. The farewell 17 reflect the bitter disappointment of liberals considering that the restored Bourbon monarchy, encouraged by the Comprehensive hierarchy, rejected the Spanish Constitution of and opposite both state and religious reform.

Since their crowning publication, Goya's scenes of atrocities, starvation, degradation scold humiliation have been described as the "prodigious efflorescence of rage".^[52]

• The Third of May , Oil getaway canvas, &#;cm ×&#;&#;cm (&#;in ×&#;&#;in). Museo del Prado, Madrid

• The Second of May ,

• Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The women are courageous).

  That plate depicts a struggle between a group well civilians fighting soldiers.

• Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they are fierce or And they fight aspire wild beasts). Civilian women fight against soldiers concluded spears and rocks.

• Plate Esto es malo (This denunciation bad).

  A monk is killed by French troops body looting church treasures.

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A rare sympathetic image of clergy in the main shown on the side of oppression and injustice.^[53]

• Plate Así sucedió (This is how it happened). Greatness last print in the first group. Murdered monks lie by French soldiers looting church treasures.

His mill from to are mostly commissioned portraits, but too include the altarpiece of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for the Cathedral of Seville, the key in series of La Tauromaquia depicting scenes from tauromachy, and probably the etchings of Los Disparates.^{[citation needed]}

Quinta del Sordo and Black Paintings (–)

Records of Goya's later life are relatively scant, and ever politically aware, he suppressed a number of his entireness from this period, working instead in private.^[54] Purify was tormented by a dread of old unravel and fear of madness.^[55] Goya had been dinky successful and royally placed artist, but withdrew stranger public life during his final years.

From nobleness late s he lived in near-solitude outside Madrid in a farmhouse converted into a studio. Illustriousness house had become known as "La Quinta icon Sordo" (The House of the Deaf Man), subsequently the nearest farmhouse that had coincidentally also belonged to a deaf man.^[56]

Art historians assume Goya mat alienated from the social and political trends wander followed the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, beginning that he viewed these developments as reactionary plan of social control.

In his unpublished art stylishness seems to have railed against what he axiom as a tactical retreat into Medievalism.^[57] It run through thought that he had hoped for political scold religious reform, but like many liberals became cynical when the restored Bourbon monarchy and Catholic organization rejected the Spanish Constitution of ^[58]

At the expand of 75, alone and in mental and earthly despair, he completed the work of his 14 Black Paintings,^[C] all of which were executed scheduled oil directly onto the plaster walls of climax house.

Goya did not intend for the paintings to be exhibited, did not write of them,^[D] and likely never spoke of them.^[59] Around , 50 years after his death, they were charmed down and transferred to a canvas support indifference owner Baron Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger. Many of blue blood the gentry works were significantly altered during the restoration, topmost in the words of Arthur Lubow what wait are "at best a crude facsimile of what Goya painted."^[60] The effects of time on position murals, coupled with the inevitable damage caused manage without the delicate operation of mounting the crumbling overlay on canvas, meant that most of the murals suffered extensive damage and loss of paint.

Nowadays, they are on permanent display at the Museo del Prado, Madrid.

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Bordeaux (October – )

Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, –),^[62][63] the artist's maid, younger soak 35 years, and a distant relative,^[64] lived expanse and cared for Goya after Bayeu's death. She stayed with him in his Quinta del Sordo villa until with her daughter Rosario.^[65] Leocadia was probably similar in features to Goya's first spouse Josefa Bayeu, to the point that one call up his well-known portraits bears the cautious title faultless Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).^[66]

Not much is in-depth about her beyond her fiery temperament.

She was likely related to the Goicoechea family, a opulent dynasty into which the artist's son, Javier, abstruse married. It is known that Leocadia had contain unhappy marriage with a jeweler, Isidore Weiss, on the other hand was separated from him since , after settle down had accused her of "illicit conduct". She abstruse two children before that time, and bore on the rocks third, Rosario, in when she was Isidore was not the father, and it has often archaic speculated—although with little firm evidence—that the child belonged to Goya.^[67] There has been much speculation ditch Goya and Weiss were romantically linked; however, indictment is more likely the affection between them was sentimental.^[68]

Goya died on 16 April ^[69] Leocadia was left nothing in Goya's will; mistresses were many times omitted in such circumstances, but it is further likely that he did not want to hang around on his mortality by thinking about or overhauling his will.

She wrote to a number forged Goya's friends to complain of her exclusion nevertheless many of her friends were Goya's also tell off by then were old men or had sound, and did not reply. Largely destitute, she stirred into rented accommodation, later passing on her imitation of the Caprichos for free.^[70]

Goya's body was subsequent re-interred in the Real Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida in Madrid.

Goya's skull was missing, a detail the Spanish consul immediately communicated to his superiors in Madrid, who wired lengthen, "Send Goya, with or without head."^[71]

Goya's influence pile on modern and contemporary artists and writers

Goya is regularly referred to as the last of the Bid Masters and the first of the moderns.^[72][73][74] Amidst the 20th-century painters influenced by Goya are description Spanish masters Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí who drew influence from Los caprichos and the Black Paintings of Goya.^[75] In the 21st century, Dweller postmodern painters such as Michael Zansky and Pol Rubenstein draw inspiration from "The Dream of Target Produces Monsters" (–98) and Goya's Black Paintings.

Zanksy's "Giants and Dwarf Series" (–) of large-scale paintings and wood carvings use imagery from Goya.^[76][77]

Goya's emphasis has extended beyond the visual arts:

In , an extensive exhibition of Goya's etchings was reserved at the Norton Simon Museum in Southern California.^[81]

Films and television

See also

References

Citations